Showing papers on "Perspective (graphical) published in 1998"

Academic studing and the development of personal skill: A self-regulatory perspective

Abstract: (1998). Academic studing and the development of personal skill: A self-regulatory perspective. Educational Psychologist: Vol. 33, No. 2-3, pp. 73-86.

Why States Act through Formal International Organizations

Abstract: States use formal international organizations (IOs) to manage both their everyday interactions and more dramatic episodes, including international conflicts. Yet, contemporary international theory does not explain the existence or form of IOs. This article addresses the question of why states use formal organizations by investigating the functions IOs perform and the properties that enable them to perform those functions. Starting with a rational-institutionalist perspective that sees IOs as enabling states to achieve their ends, the authors examine power and distributive questions and the role of IOs in creating norms and understanding. Centralization and independence are identified as the key properties of formal organizations, and their importance is illustrated with a wide array of examples. IOs as community representatives further allow states to create and implement community values and enforce international commitments.

Gender differences in risk perception : theoretical and methodological perspectives

Abstract: A substantial body of risk research indicates that women and men differ in their perceptions of risk. This paper discusses how they differ and why. A review of a number of existing empirical studies of risk perception points at several problems, regarding what gender differences are found in such studies, and how these differences are accounted for. Firstly, quantitative approaches, which have so far dominated risk research, and qualitative approaches give different, sometimes even contradictory images of women's and men's perceptions of risk. Secondly, the gender differences that appear are often left unexplained, and even when explanations are suggested, these are seldom related to gender research and gender theory in any systematic way. This paper argues that a coherent, theoretically informed gender perspective on risk is needed to improve the understanding of women's and men's risk perceptions. An analysis of social theories of gender points out some relations and distinctions which should be considered in such a perspective. It is argued that gender structures, reflected in gendered ideology and gendered practice, give rise to systematic gender differences in the perception of risk. These gender differences may be of different kinds, and their investigation requires the use of qualitative as well as quantitative methods. In conclusion, the arguments about gender and risk perception are brought together in a theoretical model which might serve as a starting point for further research.

Recruiting Employees: Individual and Organizational Perspectives

Abstract: Introduction Generating Applicants Maintaining Applicant Status Influencing Job Choice Does Recruitment Matter? The Organization's Perspective Toward an Agenda for Recruitment Research

The Language of Tourism: A Sociolinguistic Perspective.

Abstract: Part 1 The language of tourism. Part 2 Tourism as language: a growing awareness of tourism as language four major theoretical perspectives on tourism and their socio-linguistic correlates properties of the language of tourism convergent properties divergent properties. Part 3 Tourism as a language of social control: tourism as a language of social control in the prototypical forms of tourism tourism as a language of social control in contemporary tourism the linguistic underpinnings of tourism as a language of social control tourism as a language of social control in promotional material tourism as a language of socia control in hotels and resorts tourism as a language of social control in touring. Part 4 The media of the language of tourism: media classification schemes a new method of classification. Part 5 Techniques of the languages of tourism: verbal techniques visual techniques verbal and visual techniques combined. Part 6 Registers of the language of tourism: many tourism themes - several registers of the language of tourism ol' talk - the register of nostalgia tourism spasprech - the register of health tourism gastrolingo - the register of food and drink greenspeak - the register of eco-tourism.

A Paradigmatic Analysis Contrasting Information Systems Development Approaches and Methodologies

Abstract: This paper analyses the fundamental philosophical assumptions of five "contrasting" information systems development (ISD) approaches: the interactionist approach, the speech act-based approach, the soft systems methodology approach, the trade unionist approach, and the professional work practice approach. These five approaches are selected for analysis because they illustrate alternative philosophical assumptions from the dominant "orthodoxy" identified in the research literature. The paper also proposes a distinction between "approach" and "methodology." The analysis of the five approaches is organized around four basic questions: What is the assumed nature of an information system (ontology)? What is human knowledge and how can it be obtained (epistemology)? What are the preferred research methods for continuing the improvement of each approach (research methodology)? and what are the implied values of information system research (ethics)? Each of these questions is explored from the internal perspective of the particular ISD approach. The paper addresses these questions through a conceptual structure which is based on a paradigmatic framework for analyzing ISD approaches.

Family communication about sex: what are parents saying and are their adolescents listening?

Abstract: In the US Black and Hispanic adolescents have an increased risk of a number of negative consequences of sexual activity but most studies about parent-adolescent sex communication have been based on White samples have failed to examine specific content of discussions have considered the adolescents perspective only and have focused on whether (but not how) sexual information is transmitted. This analysis used data from interviews with 982 mother-adolescent pairs who took part in the 1993-94 Family Adolescent Risk Behavior and Communication Study. Sexual communication with either parent was measured by 10 questions to adolescents sexual communication with adolescent was measured by rewording these questions for mothers and another 10 questions measured the process of sexual communication. It was found that the topics of HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases were covered significantly more than other issues. Findings were influenced by the gender of the adolescent and the parent but not by ethnicity. Adolescents of both sexes were more likely to report discussions with mothers than with fathers and parents were more likely to discuss the 10 topics with adolescents of the same gender. As openness in the communication process increased so did the likelihood of a topic being discussed and of mother-adolescent agreement that the discussion took place. It was concluded that educational programs for parents should include the topic of how information is conveyed.

Evaluation of RTD in regional systems of innovation

Abstract: This paper focuses on the evaluation of research and technical development (RTD) in regional systems of innovation (RSIs). It is argued that regional systems of innovation are distinctly different from national systems of innovation, and, thus, different approaches are called for in the evaluation of RSIs. The most relevant aspects of RSIs, from the evaluation perspective, relate to their largely tacit and context‐specific character. In this paper, the concept and characteristics of RSIs are reviewed, and the implications of these for evaluation practice are discussed. Pointers for good practice in the evaluation of RTD in RSIs are listed.

Capital versus income breeding : an ectothermic perspective

Abstract: Energy storage is an important component of life-history variation. Some organisms ("income breeders") fuel reproductive expenditure by simultaneous feeding, whereas others ("capital breeders") fuel reproduction from energy gained earlier, and stored prior to use. Most published discussions of this topic have focused primarily on endothermic animals (birds and mammals), and have interpreted the costs and benefits of these alternative breeding tactics in the context of endothermy. The far more diverse array of ectothermic animals has received less attention in this respect. Many features associated with ectothermy preadapt organisms to store energy for long periods prior to use (i.e. to rely on "capital" rather than "income"). For example, birds and mammals experience high costs (in terms of mobility and thermoregulatory efficiency) if they store large body reserves. By contrast, the energetic and demographic costs associated with storage, maintenance, and utilisation of body reserves are low in many ectotherms. Thus, capital breeding (which may also be more efficient energetically in many situations) is extremely common in these low energy systems. Ectotherms comprise the most extreme examples of capital breeders, with a strong tendency towards semelparity where the capital of reserves is massively invested into a single reproductive event. Overall, theoretical and empirical studies of the evolution of capital versus income breeding as alternative strategies of resource use should take account of the important role played by alternative thermoregulatory and metabolic systems. The acquisition of endothermy in avian and mammalian lineages has involved a massive shift towards reliance on "income breeding", and the full spectrum of life-history variation in this respect cannot be appreciated without detailed examination of ectothermic organisms.

The Processes of Organization and Management

Abstract: Modern organizations all too often suffer from isolated departments, poor communication, and fragmented work, making it difficult for managers to accomplish their goals. A focus on processes, or collections of tasks and activities that together transform inputs into outputs, allows organizations to view and manage materials, information, and people in a more integrated way. Garvin provides a framework that managers can use to decide how to intervene in their organization's activities and to identify their own strengths and weaknesses. One part of the framework reflects organizational processes: work processes, which produce products for customers or generate information for internal use; behavioral processes, or widely shared patterns of acting and interacting; and change processes, which describe how individuals, groups, and organizations adapt, develop, and grow over time. The organizational perspective enables managers to mesh segmented tasks with the larger needs of the organization. It suggests that rather than focusing on individuals or departments when problems arise, managers need to be more attentive to organizational processes; furthermore, it argues that design efforts should begin by attending to these processes and only later shift to the structures needed to accommodate them. The other part of the framework reflects managerial processes: direction setting, or establishing goals; negotiation and selling, or obtaining needed support and resources; and monitoring and control, or tracking activities and performance. Managerial processes depend on rich communication, sensitivity to relationships, and an understanding of the organization's power relationships. Most research on organizations focuses on either broad strategies or detailed tactics. With its focus on the intermediate level, the process approach is helpful in addressing implementation challenges. In classifying the major types of processes, Garvin's framework can serve as a starting point for managers seeking to improve their ability to get things done.

The Influence of Family on the Family Business Succession Process: a Multi-Generational Perspective:

Abstract: The present study develops a process model of succession involving steps undertaken to prepare the family business for succession. The model examined multiple spheres of influence, including indivi...

Communicating effectively with the Chinese

Abstract: Self-OTHER Perspective and Communication Chinese Personal Relationship Development Processes Characteristics of Chinese Communication Mian Zi Miscommunication Between Chinese and North Americans Epilogue

Who Are Employees' Social Referents? Using a Network Perspective to Determine Referent Others

Abstract: A social network perspective was used to determine whom brokerage firm employees selected as social referents. In particular, this study focused on cohesive actors (friends) and structurally equiva...

What is quantum mechanics trying to tell us

Abstract: I explore whether it is possible to make sense of the quantum mechanical description of physical reality by taking the proper subject of physics to be correlation and only correlation, and by separating the problem of understanding the nature of quantum mechanics from the hard problem of understanding the nature of objective probability in individual systems, and the even harder problem of understanding the nature of conscious awareness. The resulting perspective on quantum mechanics is supported by some elementary but insufficiently emphasized theorems. Whether or not it is adequate as a new Weltanschauung, this point of view toward quantum mechanics provides a different perspective from which to teach the subject or explain its peculiar character to people in other fields.

Study Abroad from the Participants' Perspective: A Challenge to Common Beliefs

Abstract: Much study-abroad program recruitment literature depicts the overseas experience as a short cut to linguistic fluency and cross-cultural understanding, a view that is also largely supported by research on the outcomes of a stay abroad; however, when the experience of learning to interact in a foreign language and of adapting to a foreign culture is viewed through the eyes of four American summer study-abroad students in France, a different perspective emerges. The findings of this study challenge many common beliefs about the overseas educational experience and, in doing so, raise questions that hold implications for study-abroad programs and foreign language classrooms alike.

The Disability Reader: Social Science Perspectives

Abstract: This collection of articles explores the intellectual implications of a disability equality perspective Topics include: the relevance of social theory; disabling architecture; feminist theory and the body; cultural representations; identity and interaction; and employment and education

Quality of life and mental illness. Reflections from the perspective of the WHOQOL.

Abstract: The quality of life (QOL) of the mentally i l l has been a matter of concern for centuries. The great reforms to the madhouses were prompted by this, so too was the creation of asylums and most recently, the move from institutional to community care. Despite these humanitarian concerns, little effort was made to define or measure such changes in QOL. QOL is now becoming a more valued assessment, not just in psychiatry but in many branches of medicine, particularly those dealing with patients who suffer or are disabled over relatively long periods of time. Of particular note has been its use in the assessment of those being treated for cancer (Maguire & Selby, 1989). Over the years, QOL assessment came to mean taking account of anything beyond mortality and symtom levels. Even noting side-effects of treatments has been put forward as a QOL assessment. More and more, however, QOL has come to embody the justified concern for patients as people and not just cases. It has also come to reflect the rise of a more consumeroriented approach to medical care, in which the patients' own opinion of what is happening to them is taken as important, rather than patients being the objects of expert attention from professionals who themselves judge the effectiveness and relevance of what they do (Gill & Feinstein, 1994). The interest in QOL also reflects a more serious concern for that broad definition of health as \"a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease\" (World Health Organization, 1948). Virtually all the efforts of the health sector are directed towards creating an absence of disease, by prevention or treatment, with well-being as a secondary product. Without definitions and measures of well-being, however, there can be little progress towards including it as an objective in the creation of a more healthy society. QOL measures provide one step towards such a goal. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION

Cognitive neuroscience of attention : a developmental perspective

Abstract: Contents: Preface Part I: Attention and Eye Movements PH Schiller, The Neural Control of Visually Guided Eye Movements D Maurer, TL Lewis, Overt Orienting Toward Peripheral Stimuli: Normal Development and Underlying Mechanisms MH Johnson, RO, Gilmore, G Csibra, Toward a Computational Model of the Development of Saccade Planning JE Richards, SK Hunter, Attention and Eye Movement in Young Infants: Neural Control and Development L Hainline, Summary and Commentary: Eye Movements, Attention, and Development Part II: Orienting to Locations and Objects R Rafal, The Neurology of Visual Orienting: A Pathological Disintegration of Development BM Hood, J Atkinson, OJ Braddick, Selection-for-Action and the Development of Orienting and Visual Attention GC Baylis, Visual Parsing and Object-Based Attention: A Developmental Perspective MA Bell, Frontal Lobe Function During Infancy: Implications for the Development of Cognition and Attention MI Posner, MK Rothbart, Summary and Commentary: Developing Attentional Skills Part III: Attention, Memory, and Life-Span Changes CA Nelson, D Dukette, A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective on the Relation Between Attention and Memory Development J Colombo, JS Janowsky, A Cognitive Neuroscience Approach to Individual Differences in Infant Cognition JT Enns, DA Brodeur, LM Trick, Selective Attention Over the Lifespan: Behavioral Measures HA Ruff, Summary and Commentary Selective Attention: Its Measurement in a Developmental Framework

Sickness and Healing: An Anthropological Perspective

Abstract: Sickness and Healing: An Anthropological Perspective. Robert A. Hahn. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995 (cloth and paper), viii. 327 pp.

Standing in My Partner's Shoes: Partner Perspective Taking and Reactions to Accommodative Dilemmas

Abstract: Four studies examined the role of partner perspective taking in shaping reactions to accommodative dilemmas-situations in which a close partner enacts a potentially destructive behavior. Participants included marital partners (Study 1) and dating partners (Studies 2, 3, and 4). Studies 1, 3, and 4 examined preexisting tendencies toward partner perspective taking, and Studies 2, 3, and 4 included experimental manipulations of perspective. In all four studies, adopting the partner's perspective (rather than one's own) during an accommodative dilemma resulted in (a) more positive emotional reactions, more relationship-enhancing attributions, and enhanced inclinations toward constructive responding and (b) less negative emotional reactions, less partner-blaming attributions, and reduced inclinations toward destructive responding. In Studies 2, 3, and 4, analyses examining the simultaneous effects of partner perspective taking, commitment level, and general perspective taking revealed that adopting the partner...

Living with and Building on Complexity: A Constructivist Perspective on Organizations

Abstract: The paper introduces a theory of organizations built on the assumption that human behavior in organizational settings is relatively undetermined, multidirectional, and contradictory. Consistent with this assumption, the paper proposes a constructivist perspective on organizational persistence, equilibration, and structuration. The constructivist perspective represents an attempt at integrating extant, and often treated as incommensurable, theories of organizations within a complex framework.