Showing papers on "Pinus radiata published in 1996"

A genetic linkage map for Pinus radiata based on RFLP, RAPD, and microsatellite markers.

Abstract: A genetic linkage map for radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) has been constructed using segregation data from a three-generation outbred pedigree. A total of 208 loci were analyzed including 165 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), 41 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and 2 microsatellite markers. The markers were assembled into 22 linkage groups of 2 or more loci and covered a total distance of 1382 cM. Thirteen loci were unlinked to any other marker. Of the RFLP loci that were mapped, 93 were detected by loblolly pine (P. taeda L.) cDNA probes that had been previously mapped or evaluated in that species. The remaining 72 RFLP loci were detected by radiata pine probes from a PstI genomic DNA library. Two hundred and eighty RAPD primers were evaluated, and 41 loci which were segregating in a 1∶1 ratio were mapped. Two microsatellite markers were also placed on the map. This map and the markers derived from it will have wide applicability to genetic studies in P. radiata and other pine species.

Water use by Pinus radiata trees in a plantation

Abstract: We used the heat-pulse velocity technique to estimate transpirational water use of trees in an experimental 16-year-old Pinus radiata D. Don plantation in South Australia during a 4-month period from November 1993 to March 1994 (spring-summer). Fertilization and other silvicultural treatments during the first 8 years of the plantation produced trees ranging in diameter at a height of 1.3 m from 0.251 to 0.436 m, with leaf areas ranging from 83 to 337 m(2). Daily water use was greater for large trees than for small trees, but transpiration per unit leaf area was nearly identical. Daily transpiration was highly correlated with available soil water in the upper 1 m of soil and weakly correlated with irradiance and air temperature. For the stand (0.4 ha), estimated rates of transpiration ranged from 6.8 to 1.4 mm day(-1) in wet and dry soil conditions, respectively. Total water use by the plantation during the 4-month study period was 346 mm. Water transpired by the trees was about three times that extracted from the upper 1 m of soil. Large trees extracted water from the same soil volume as small trees and did not exhibit a greater potential to extract water from deeper soil when the upper horizons become dry.

Inter- and intraspecific polymorphism at chloroplast SSR loci and the inheritance of plastids in Pinus radiata D. Don.

Abstract: DNA sequence analysis of chloroplast genomes has revealed many short nucleotide repeats analogous to nuclear microsatellites, or simple sequence repeats (SSRs). We designed PCR primers flanking five of these regions identified in the chloroplast sequence from Pinus thunbergii and tested them for amplification in Pinus radiata, P. elliotii, P. taeda, P. strobus, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Cupressus macrocarpa, four New Zealand native conifer species (Podocarpus totara, Podocarpus hallii, Podocarpus nivalis, Agathis australis), and four angiosperms (Vitex lucens, Nestegis cunninghamii, Actinidia chinensis, and Arabidopsis thaliana). A PCR product in the expected size range was amplified from all species and interspecific polymorphism was detected at all five loci. Intraspecific polymorphism was detected in P. radiata with four of the five primer pairs. One of these polymorphic chloroplast SSR (cpSSR) was then used to determine the inheritance of chloroplasts in 206 progeny from four control-pollinated, full-sibling P. radiata families. Approximately 99% of the progeny had the cpSSR variant of the pollen parent indicating that in Pinus radiata, like most other conifers, chloroplasts are typically inherited from the paternal parent. These results suggest that polymorphic chloroplast SSRs will be a valuable tool for studying chloroplast diversity, cyto-nuclear disequilibrium, and plastid inheritance in a range of species, and for the analysis of gene flow via pollen and paternity in species with paternal transmission of chloroplasts.

Effects of branch length on carbon isotope discrimination in Pinus radiata

Abstract: Gas exchange was measured on a pruned Pinus radiata D. Don hedge and on a long-branch P. radiata tree near Hamilton, New Zealand, in spring 1993 when soil water content was close to field capacity. Foliage at the end of long branches (9.0 m) showed a marked drop in net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance as the saturation deficit increased, whereas foliage on short branches (0.5 m) showed little change. Mean foliage delta(13)C was -30.1 per thousand for short branches and -26.3 per thousand for long branches. Foliage delta(13)C was correlated with branch length in two genetically improved P. radiata seedlots at four stocking densities. The multinodal seedlot had shorter branches and more (13)C-depleted foliage compared with branches and foliage from the long internode seedlot. There was a strong effect of stocking density on carbon isotope composition in both seedlots. We conclude that branch morphology affects foliage gas exchange properties and foliage carbon isotope composition.

Transmission of the pitch canker fungus, fusarium subglutinans f. sp. pini, to monterey pine, pinus radiata, by cone- and twig-infesting beetles

Abstract: Conophthorus radiatae Hopkins, Ernobius punctulatus Fall, and Pityophthorus spp. infest cones and twigs of Monterey pines (Pinus radiata D. Don) and thus may be important vectors of the pitch canker fungus Fusarium subglutinans f. sp. pini in the central coast of California. Fifteen percent of 1st-year Monterey pine conelets infested with C. radiatae prior to August 1990 developed pitch canker by May 1991. Conophthorus radiatae, E. punctulatus, and Pityophthorus spp. were dissected from some of these conelets and found carrying F. s. pini. Between June 1990 and May 1991, 16% of 695 randomly selected uninfested 1st-year conelets from a total of 329 separate cone whorls were infested by at least one of the above beetle species, and F. s. pini was isolated from 42% of the attacked conelets. Average percentage contamination of beetles per conelet was highest for adults of Pityophthorus spp. (38%), followed by adults of C. radiatae (33%), larvae of E. punctulatus (24%), and larvae of Pityophthorus spp. (5%). There were significant associations between conelets that contained contaminated C. radiatae, Pityophthorus spp., and/or E. punctulatus and conelets with F. s. pini.Under experimental conditions, C. radiatae and E. punctulatus transmitted the fungus to healthy cones. Ernobius punctulatus required an entrance tunnel by C. radiatae to enter and infect the cone. Artificially wounded cones did not develop pitch canker. Intra- and interspecific transmission of F. s. pini was demonstrated among these beetle species. In infested branch tips without cones, interspecific transmission of F. s. pini between E. punctulatus and Pityophthorus spp. was also demonstrated.The roles of C. radiatae and E. punctulatus as vectors of F. s. pini and of Pityophthorus spp. as potential vectors are discussed in relation to the epidemiology of pitch canker disease. The spread of pitch canker to California’s native pines as well as other conifers may be enhanced by interspecific transmission of F. s. pini between E. punctulatus and C. radiatae in cones and between E. punctulatus and Pityophthorus spp. in branch tips. Ernobius punctulatus provides a pathway for the fungus to potential insect vectors that attack several hosts and a variety of plant parts.

Ectomycorrhizae synthesized between Pinus radiata and eight fungi associated with Pinns spp.

Abstract: The capability of several fungal species, collected in the field in association with species of the genus Pinus, to form ectomycorrhizae with Pinus radiata have been determinated in vitro and in con- tainers. Hebeloma longicaudum, Russula sanguinea, Tricholoma albobruneum, Tuber borchii and Xerocomus badius have formed ectomycorrhizae with Pinus ra- diata by pure culture synthesis. These species and other three, Boletus pinophilus, Gautieria othii and Scleroderma polyrhizum, have formed ectomycorrhizae in open containers by methods of vegetative mycelial inoculation and spore inoculation. These eight sym- bioses with Pinus radiata have not been previously described.

Responses of carbon gain and growth of Pinus radiata stands to thinning and fertilizing

Abstract: Thinning of forest stands is widely carried out to minimize the slowing of growth of individual stems that follows from increasing competition among trees as they become bigger. After thinning, there is an increase in the growth rate of remaining trees because of an increase in the availability of resources per tree. Often, there is also an increase in foliar efficiency (biomass increase/foliage amount). On sites where mineral nutrient supply is limiting, fertilizers may be applied, often in association with thinning, to boost productivity. Growth responses to fertilizer application depend on an adequate supply of other resources, but also involve nonlinear interactions among mineral nutrients and between nutrients and other growth-limiting environmental factors. The effects of thinning and fertilizing on the carbon gain and growth responses of Pinus radiata D. Don to availability of resources (light, mineral nutrients and water) and to changes in the canopy are discussed.

Photosynthetic Activity of Leaves of Pinus radiata and Nothofagus fusca After 1 Year of Growth at Elevated CO2

Abstract: Radiata pine (Pinus radiata D.Don) and red beech (Nothofagus fusca (Hook. f.) Oerst.) were grown for over 1 year at elevated (ELEV, 64 Pa) and ambient (AMB, 38 Pa) CO2 partial pressure in open-top chambers. Springtime measurements of overwintering leaves showed that light- and CO2-saturated photosynthetic rates (Amax) of pine leaves were similar for the two treatments (AMB: 6.7 ± 1.08 μmol m-2 s-1, mean ± 1 s.e.; ELEV: 6.6 ± 0.47) but, for beech leaves, Amax was greater for AMB plants (8.8 ± 0.90 μmol m-2 s-1) than for ELEV plants (6.10 ± 0.71). Summertime measurements of leaves grown that spring showed that for pine, Amax was similar in the two CO2 treatments (AMB 14.9 μmol m-2 s-1 ± 0.80; ELEV: 13.5 ± 1.9) while, for beech, Amax was higher in AMB plants (21.0 ± 1.1) than in ELEV plants (17.2 ± 1.9), although the difference was not statistically significant. These results indicate downregulation of photosynthetic capacity of beech but not pine. Vcmax did not differ between treatments within species, suggesting that there was no acclimation of rubisco activity. Triose phosphate utilisation limitation may have contributed to the downregulation of Amax in beech. For pine, photosynthesis at treatment CO2 partial pressures was greater in ELEV plants in both spring and summer. For beech measured at treatment CO2 partial pressures, photosynthesis was greater in ELEV plants in summer, but was similar between treatments in the springtime.

Performance of pinus radiata in relation to seedling grade, weed control, and soil cultivation in the central north island of new zealand

Abstract: Two experiments were established in the central North Island of New Zealand to examine survival and growth of Pinus radiata D.Don in response to weed control and methods of soil cultivation. Fifth- and sixth-year tree height, diameter and survival were examined in relation to (a) initial tree size expressed in various ways, (b) intensity of weed control, and (c) method of soil cultivation. Of four measures of initial seedling size tested, seedling ground line diameter (GLD) was best correlated with tree performance at one site while initial GLD squared x height was most significant at the other. Control of weeds improved tree growth at both sites, and markedly improved survival of trees at the higher altitude site. Analysis of residuals of an initial growth model constructed with data from 27 experiments suggested that stocks of 1/0 seedlings with mean initial root collar diameters of less than 5 mm performed poorly compared with larger 1/0 stocks.

The extent, timing and economics of browsing damage in eucalypt and pine plantations of Gippsland, Victoria.

Abstract: Summary The extent and severity of damage to 27 229 seedlings planted in stocking plots in ca. 8000 ha of Pinus radiata and eucalyptus plantations were monitored in Gippsland between 1988 and 1991. During this time carrots poisoned with sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) were were laid in virtually all areas. A total of 6% of the seedlings monitored showed evidence of browsing damage 9 months later, 7% were found dead from other causes and 9% were missing. 11% of all eucalyptus seedlings showed evidence of browsing damage and of these 62% sustained damage to 50% or more of the foliage and stem. In comparison only 5% of all pine were browsed and of these only 25% had damage to more than 50% of their foliage. Browsing varied spatially and temporally with the worst damage being sustained at Boola for pine and Callignee for eucalypts. Damage peaked in September, October and November and declined thereafter as seedlings grew. 66% of E. regnans that were browsed heavily (≥50%) in the first year after planting surv...

Effects of ash and four types of litter on the establishment of Eucalyptus obliqua

Abstract: :We performed a glasshouse experiment to test the effects of ash and four types of litter (leaves and bark of eucalyptus, leaves of Acacia myrtifolia Smith [Willd], and pine [Pinus radiata D Don] needles) on the emergence, survival and growth of seedlings of Eucalyptus obliqua L’Herit Establishment was differentially affected by the various litter types The effect of position of the seeds (on top or below the litter) depended upon the litter type Acacia leaves had no effect on seedling emergence, but increased post-emergence mortality Pine litter had a positive effect on emergence regardless of the position of the seeds Eucalypt leaves and bark increased emergence if the seeds were placed underneath the litter, but eucalypt leaves reduced emergence when the seeds were placed on top of it Ash strongly reduced seedling emergence, and increased mortality independently of the position of the seeds Seedling biomass was increased by pine needles, and decreased by ash, independently of the place

Competition in mixed stands of Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus obliqua

Abstract: 1. Relative growth rate, mortality and stem form of individual trees in mixed stands of planted P. radiata and naturally regenerated E. obliqua over 5 years were examined in relation to their sizes and the density and leaf area index of their neighbours. 2. Relative growth rate increased with tree size and decreased with increasing neighbourhood leaf area index for both species, but it increased with increasing neighbourhood density as a result of a release from competition due to mortality in the neighbourhood. 3. Mortality affected smaller E. obliqua. The probability of death decreased with increasing tree size. 4. Height to diameter ratio, an indicator of stem form, decreased with tree size and increased with neighbourhood leaf area index for both species. 5. The growth, mortality and changes in stem form of individual trees led to changes in density-dependent stand level characteristics such as mean height to diameter ratio and size distribution patterns.

Interactions between riparian leaves and algal/microbial activity in streams

Abstract: The effects of leaf leachates derived from six forest trees on algal biomass development was examined in a 3-week experiment in a New Zealand spring. The trees all occur in riparian zones and were Fagus sylvatica and Alnus glutinosa from Europe, Eucalyptus globulus from Australia, Pinus radiata from western North America, and two New Zealand species, Fuchsia excorticata and Nothofagus solandri. Leachates from five species inhibited algal growth relative to controls, whereas leachate from a sixth species (F. excorticata) was stimulatory. In contrast, cellulose breakdown was unaffected by five leachates and inhibited by the other (F. sylvatica). In a second experiment, colonization of leaves and inert substrata (polythene strips) by algae was examined with SEM after 16 days. Algal abundance was greatest on polythene strips and leaves of F. sylvatica, and substantially lower on the other species. Our results indicate that both leaf texture and chemical composition can affect algal colonization and growth, and that chemicals derived from leaves have the potential to both inhibit and stimulate ecosystem processes in streams.

Spiral grain in canterbury pinus radiata: within- and between-tree variations and effect on mechanical properties

Abstract: A study of spiral grain in Canterbury-grown Pinus radiata D.Don revealed that spiral grain varies significantly both within the tree and between trees; bending strength and stiffness decrease with an increase in the angle of spiral grain; corewood stiffness is less sensitive to spiral grain than outerwood stiffness; and spiral grain downgrades a significant proportion of the sawmill output from Canterbury-grown P. radiata.

Site disturbance effects on a clay soil under radiata pine. I. Soil solutions and clay mineral stability

Abstract: Timber harvesting of forested lands can cause impacts which reduce the long-term productivity of the soil. This study examined long-term effects of timber harvesting on soil morphology, soil solutions and clay mineral stability. A disturbance study established in 1981 an Ultisol located in the North Island of New Zealand was examined in 1990. Disturbance treatments were installed following cable logging of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don); treatments consisted of no disturbance (UN), O horizon removed (OR), and O and A horizons removed with compaction of the Bt1/A horizon (OARHC). The morphology of the A and Bt1/A horizons of the OR treatment showed little difference from the UN treatment. Soil solutions were collected using centrifugation and soil mineralogy determined. Soil solutions of the O horizon had nutrient concentrations that were approximately 10 times greater than that of the mineral horizons, indicating that nutrient availability would be reduced by reduced by removal of this horizon during harvesting. Soil solutions of the Bt1/A horizon showed substantially lower nutrient concentrations in the OARHC treatment compared to the UN and OR treatment, at 9-years after treatment. Stability diagrams of soil solutions for clay minerals of the soil showed that smectite was unstable and weatherable with the highest disturbance treatment, but was stable in the no and low disturbance treatment. No disturbance effects were evident in the stability of iron minerals. Results suggest that this soil is capable of returning to pre-disturbance conditions well-within a rotation period when disturbance is limited, but that recovery with the highest disturbance treatment could take substantially longer.

An early Pleistocene closed-cone pine forest at Costa Mesa, southern California

Abstract: Fossils of Cupressus macrocapra Gordon, Pinus muricata Don, Pinus radiata Don, Pinus remorata Mason, and Quercus macdonaldii Greene have been recovered from an early Pleistocene deposit (ca, 1 Ma) from Costa Mesa, coastal southern California. All these species have very restricted distributions today but were more widely distributed during the late Cenozoic. The paleoclimate at Costa Mesa probably was similar to that now at Monterey 560 km north. Colder climate is indicated by the record of Pleistocene marine megafossils and by the composition of the early Pleistocene fossil floras in coastal and interior southern California.

A soil-site evaluation index of productivity in intensively managed pinus radiata (D. Don) plantations in South Australia

Abstract: A limiting-factor, environmental model for radiata pine (Pinus radiata (D. Don)) has been developed using landform and soil morphological features that influence site productivity. The model focuses on soil and landscape constraints to productivity and predicts the native productivity of land and tree species. It permits the integration of land-use objectives for a catchment through forest management and use of silvicultural practices which increase productivity. The soil site evaluation index (SSEI) is an index of forest productivity found when silviculture extends only to the minimum amount of site disturbance needed to establish a plantation of radiata pine. The impacts of intensive silvicultural practices were deducted from the ‘Site Quality’ productivity survey rating to calculate the unimproved yield class (uYC). We calculated SSEI by range standardising uYC values from 0 to 1. SSEI was correlated with the environmental factors in a regression tree model using readily available analytical software. The model accurately predicts unimproved forest productivity from observed soil horizon and land surface properties. The environmental constraints in low lying areas relate to waterlogging, soil sodicity and gravel content. In elevated areas, plant available water storage, rock weathering, landform, ironstone gravel and aspect are recognised factors for pine growth.

The influence of season and angle of exposure on the weathering of wood

Abstract: The degradation of radiata pine wood during natural weathering was significantly influenced by the season and the angle at which samples were exposed.

Provenance variation of Pinus muricata grown in Greece

Abstract: Analyses of a Pinus radiata experimental plantings, including 18 provenances from the 1978 International Collection (4 from Ano Nuevo, 6 from Monterey, 3 from Cambria and 1 each from Cedros and Guadalupe islands, plus 3 controls), grown at 2 locations in Greece, gave the following results: There are significant differences between provenances in total tree height, diameter at breast height, bark thickness, stem straightness, crown form, number of whorls, number of branches per whorl, branch diameter and resistance to frost. The fastest growing populations were Ano Nuevo and Monterey while Cedros island was the slowest and is completely unadapted to Greek conditions. There is a highly significant correlation between frost resistance and latitude of the provenances and populations (r= 0.80**). An exception is the Guadalupe island population, which although it originates from a low latitude was the most frost resistant in both locations. The natural populations of radiata pine are suffering from inbreeding depression, however, heterosis is released in interpopulation hybrids. The Guadalupe ex Camberra provenance (control) which is a hybrid between Guadalupe and Monterey at the age of 12 years had a mean height at Raches 12.19 m, while the original Guadalupe island population was only 9.83 m. The Guadalupe ex Camberra was also the best at Granitsa planting with mean height at the age of 9 years of 6.56 m, followed by Talaganda seed orchard (control) at 6.27 m. The differences between provenances within populations were insignificant for all characteristics studied, indicating that selection within the best populations (Ano Nuevo and Monterey) can be practiced without a concern at the provenance level.

Vegetation management in Pinus radiata: A literature review

Abstract: (1996). Vegetation management in Pinus radiata: A literature review. South African Forestry Journal: Vol. 177, No. 1, pp. 41-50.

Absorption of nitrogen from a liquid by pine bark

Abstract: of a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Degree ofM.Appl.Sci. Absorption of Nitrogen from a Liquid by Pine Bark by Simon J. Musgrave This study investigated the potential of Pinus radiata (pine) bark to absorb organic and ammoniacal-nitrogen, from an aqueous solution and from a dairy slurry, in the laboratory and in a field treatment of dairy slurry. Preliminary experiments indicated that the initial nitrogen concentration of the solution had a significant effect on the rate of nitrogen absorption. The range of physical and chemical characteristics in pine bark and dairy slurry was found to give some variation in the quantity of nitrogen absorbed over time. ,Some unexplained results were attributed to differences in pine bark characteristics between samples, and to undefined analytical errors which may have included microbial activity in stored samples. Phenyl mercuric acetate was found to have no significant effect on the analysis of ammoniacal nitrogen using the Flow Injection Analyser, and was hence used for the inhibition of microbial activity in subsequent samples during storage. Empirical models were developed for predicting the amount of ammoniacal and organic nitrogen absorbed, from an aqueous solution of ammonium sulphate and from a dairy slurry, by pine bark over time as a function of pH and initial nitrogen concentration in the laboratory and in the field. The proportion of ammoniacalnitrogen absorbed over 24 hours, at pH 6 to 8, ranged from 35% from an initial

Establishment practices can improve longer-term growth of pinus radiata on a dry-land hill forest

Abstract: An establishment trial was planted on a dry-land hill forest site in the Okuku area of Ashley Forest, Canterbury, to compare the effects of seedling quality, handling, cultivation (ripping), and post-planting weed control on subsequent survival and growth of Pinus radiata D.Don up to 13 years after planting, i.e., at half-rotation. Weed control was the most significant factor, followed by seedling quality and cultivation (ripping). Lack of weed control, use of conventional seedling quality, and conventional handling resulted in a 43% loss of volume growth compared with the best treatment combination of weed control, "best practice" seedling quality, and "best practice" handling. Ripping was less important, but gave a 7% increase in volume.

Hexazinone Weed Control in Re-established Pinus radiata Plantations

Abstract: SYNOPSIS The effect of two formulations of hexazinone at two rates with two application methods (1,5 m wide strip and total area) on fynbos were tested in a one-year-old Pinus radiata stand. Total manual weeding and mechanical ring weeding of one metre radius were added as experiment treatments to obtain 10 treatments. Tree height and diameter growth were monitored to determine the effect of weed control. After 13 months the liquid formulation of hexazinone was significantly better than the powder formulation. There were no significant differences between the two application methods. The higher herbicide rates showed better weed suppression than the lower rates although non-significantly so. Floristic surveys conducted over a three-year period indicated satisfactory weed suppression. Plant moisture stress measurements in the first three summers (dry season) after application indicated that the trees were not under water stress.

Stem breakage of Pinus radiata during mechanical felling in Kinleith Forest, Central North Island, New Zealand

Abstract: Abstract of report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master ofF orestry Science.of report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master ofF orestry Science. STEM BREAKAGE OF PINUS RADIATA DURING MECHANICAL FELLING IN KINLEITH FOREST, CENTRAL NORTH ISLAND, NEW ZEALAND. By Michael Lambert 11 This report examines stem breakage of Pinus radiata as a result of mechanical felling in Kinleith forest. Four machines were studied, two Bell TF120 feller-bunchers and two Timbco T445 hydro-bunchers. The machines broke between 84% and 100% of the trees felled. Most causes of breakage could not be determined. Of that which could, falling trees striking stumps and previously felled logs accounted for the majority of the breakage. The machine operators and the machine types studied were deemed to be significantly different and thus separate breakage functions were derived for each operator and machine type. The breakage function currently used by Carter Holt Harvey Forests Kinleith, produced from manual felling data, was compared with the newly developed mechanical functions and found to be different. For this reason a mechanical breakage function was created. Nested analysis showed that most of the variation in relative break heights was due to differences in individual trees, not differences in machines or differences in operators. Two sets of statistically significant equations between height and machine type and the breakpoint variables diameter at the break point and relative break height were identified. Although the models account for some of the breakage, none of the relationships developed completely explain how the variables influence stem breakage. Further research is required into operator and the landing environment variables and how these affect felling breakage.