Showing papers on "Polycentricity published in 2020"
TL;DR: This paper analyzed the relationship between urban form, shrinking cities, and residential carbon emissions, based on information collected for prefectural-level and above Chinese cities for the years of 2005, 2010, and 2015.
69 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a critical scoping review of empirical literature on the relationship between urban structure and travel in China is provided, which finds that residential suburbanization is correlated with travel.
Abstract: This article first provides a critical scoping review of empirical literature on the relationship between urban structure and travel in China. The review finds that residential suburbanization alon...
49 citations
TL;DR: This work investigates how the built environment characteristics of centers are associated with people’s travel mode choices and vehicle use and provides strategies and tools that planning agencies, such as metropolitan planning organizations, transit agencies, and municipalities, can adopt to channel developments into centers.
Abstract: Problem, research strategy, and findings: The monocentric development pattern in the Alonso–Mills–Muth model underpinned theoretical discussions of urban form in the 1960s and 1970s and truly domin...
39 citations
TL;DR: A new approach is proposed to identify and measure urban functional polycentricity from a multiscale perspective and further applied to the case of Shanghai, China, showing that an obvious polycentric structure exists in Shanghai and is sensitive to scale effects.
37 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the effects of spatial mono-and polycentricity on PM2.5 concentrations using spatial econometric models based on a three-year panel of data for cities at, or above, the prefecture in China.
36 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a three-year dataset for prefecture-level and above city regions in China and spatial econometric models were used to examine the relationship between regional polycentricity and CO2 concentrations.
Abstract: The environmental sustainability of polycentric spatial structures in urban planning must be evaluated to ensure the sustainable development of city regions. Given the mixed conclusions of previous studies, as well as the lack of information on reliable methods of assessment and quantifiable mechanisms, a three-year dataset for prefecture-level and above city regions in China and spatial econometric models were used to examine the relationship between regional polycentricity and CO2 concentrations. After robust testing, we confirmed that polycentric structures decrease the mean CO2 concentrations of city regions, significantly reducing CO2 concentrations in primary city centers and mildly increasing those in city subcenters. Further quantitative analyses of the mechanisms underlying these patterns revealed that the CO2-reduction effect of polycentric structures is due to the balancing of reductions in commuting duration, transference of industrial CO2 to neighboring areas, and an increase in household CO2 emissions.
32 citations
TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper investigated the relationship between urban spatial structure and PM2.5 concentrations by drawing upon a panel dataset covering 286 Chinese cities during the 2001-2016 period, and they found that the impact of polycentricity on air pollution is heterogeneous across cities.
32 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore new roles and power division changes in the energy sector as a result of such a regulatory sandbox, and conclude that a more holistic approach to experimentation, interactor alignment, providing more incentives, and expert and financial support would benefit bottom-up participatory innovation.
Abstract: To facilitate energy transition, regulators have devised ‘regulatory sandboxes’ to create a participatory experimentation environment for exploring revision of energy law in several countries. These sandboxes allow for a two-way regulatory dialogue between an experimenter and an approachable regulator to innovate regulation and enable new socio-technical arrangements. However, these experiments do not take place in a vacuum but need to be formulated and implemented in a multi-actor, polycentric decision-making system through collaboration with the regulator but also energy sector incumbents, such as the distribution system operator. Therefore, we are exploring new roles and power division changes in the energy sector as a result of such a regulatory sandbox. We researched the Dutch executive order ‘experiments decentralized, sustainable electricity production’ (EDSEP) that invites homeowners’ associations and energy cooperatives to propose projects that are prohibited by extant regulation. Local experimenters can, for instance, organise peer-to-peer supply and determine their own tariffs for energy transport in order to localize, democratize, and decentralize energy provision. Theoretically, we rely on Ostrom’s concept of polycentricity to study the dynamics between actors that are involved in and engaging with the participatory experiments. Empirically, we examine four approved EDSEP experiments through interviews and document analysis. Our conclusions focus on the potential and limitations of bottom-up, participatory innovation in a polycentric system. The most important lessons are that a more holistic approach to experimentation, inter-actor alignment, providing more incentives, and expert and financial support would benefit bottom-up participatory innovation.
31 citations
TL;DR: Zhang et al. as mentioned in this paper analyzed urban polycentricity for 287 Chinese cities at the prefecture level and above, by identifying and examining employment centers within both their administrative regions and central urban areas.
31 citations
TL;DR: It was showed that the compactness and multicentricity of the city had an impact on the CO2 emission efficiency and provided some planning suggestions for the low carbon development of thecity.
Abstract: From 2000 to 2010 China experienced rapid economic development and urbanization. Many cities in economically developed areas have developed from a single-center status to polycentricity. In this study, we used exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) to identify the population centers, which identified 232 cities in China as having urban centers. COMP was used to represent urban agglomeration, and POLYD (representing how far is the city's sub-centers to the main center), POLYC (representing the number of a city's centers), and POLYP (representing the population distributed between the main center and the sub-centers) were used to indicate urban polycentricity. Night light data were used to determine the CO2 emissions from various cities in China. A mixed model was used to study the impact of urban aggregation and polycentric data on the CO2 emission efficiency in 2000 and 2010. The study found that cities with higher compactness were distributed in coastal areas, and the cities with higher multicentricity were distributed in the Yangtze River Delta and Shandong Province. The more compact the city was, the less conducive it was to improving CO2 emission efficiency. Polycentric development of the city was conducive to improving the CO2 emission efficiency, but the number of urban centers had no significant relationship with the CO2 emission efficiency. Our research showed that the compactness and multicentricity of the city had an impact on the CO2 emission efficiency and provided some planning suggestions for the low carbon development of the city.
28 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a Foucauldian discourse analysis of polycentricity in city master plans is carried out to examine the relationship between scales, contextuality, power and rationality.
Abstract: Polycentricity is promoted as an ideal urban form to achieve sustainable and balanced development, and it has been widely adopted by planners in China, especially in large cities. However, the rhetoric about polycentricity has rarely been interrogated in planning research in terms of scales, contextuality, power and rationality. To fill this gap, we carried out a Foucauldian discourse analysis in our research to interpret the nature of polycentric practice in City Master Plans, using Tianjin as a case study. Through an analysis of how the discourse of polycentricity is being deployed in planning documents, we develop two principal arguments in this article. First, the conceptual substance of polycentricity evolved alongside the urban transition process in China, and its discursive practice involved multiple scales and spatial elements. Secondly, rather than being mere technocratic practice, the production and legitimation of distinct discourses of polycentricity is an articulation of multi-scalar power involving various stakeholders, which is disguised and justified by the planning profession.
TL;DR: In this article, a new approach by modifying the Fast-Newman algorithm for better implementing the process of detecting functional urban areas (FUAs) and further revealing the spatiotemporal patterns of functional urban polycentricity through 20 view-windows of each FUA in the Tokyo metropolitan area (TMA) by using geo-tagged big data.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reinterpret the conceptual limits of the prime planning concepts of "central places" and "polycentricity" represented by their underlying spatial logics of hierarchy and complementarity by employing the central flow theory.
TL;DR: This paper presented an analysis of the polycentric development of 286 Chinese cities between 2001 and 2016, identifying each city's population sub-centers by detecting spatial autocorrelation pattings.
Abstract: This paper presents an analysis of the polycentric development of 286 Chinese cities between 2001 and 2016. We identify each city’s population (sub)centers by detecting spatial autocorrelation patt...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used McGinnis' Network of Adjacent Action Situations framework and the Politicized IAD framework to analyze how the emergence of different problem frames affected linkages between these three collective action problems.
Abstract: Collective action problems are linked together when the outcomes of one collective action situation affect the working components of another. In San Diego, California, solutions to the collective action dilemmas of water provisioning, conservation, and wastewater were found to have influenced each other between 1990 and 2010. Building upon a database of water management-related action situation outcomes, developed from archival documents and interviews with water managers, environmental groups, and other participants, we used McGinnis’ Network of Adjacent Action Situations framework and the Politicized IAD framework to analyze how the emergence of different problem frames affected linkages between these three collective action problems. Our research shows that newly introduced frames for thinking about these water management challenges as interconnected contributed to the progressive emergence of new governance strategies by different groups of actors.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an analysis of the Dutch Randstad, in his The World Cities (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1966), which generated the archetype of the polycentric urban region (PUR).
Abstract: Peter Hall’s analysis of the Dutch Randstad, in his The World Cities (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1966), generated the archetype of the polycentric urban region (PUR). Although influential, Hall...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors identify two sources of shortcomings in measures of polycentricity: the delineation of regions and their most central spatial entities (e.g., cardinality).
Abstract: Polycentricity describes a certain region by the relationship of a selection of its most central spatial entities. We identify two sources of shortcomings in measures of polycentricity: the delinea...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measure the number of central urban places by location-based metrics (e.g., employment density/total number of workers, above a threshold) and show that these metrics are g...
Abstract: Polycentricity, or the number of central urban places, is commonly measured by location-based metrics (e.g. employment density/total number of workers, above a threshold). While these metrics are g...
TL;DR: In this paper, the peculiarities of polycentric urban regions (PURs) in generating agglomeration economies are investigated, namely, the question of how urbanisation externalities such as size, density and diversities affect the economic performance of urban areas.
Abstract: The paper investigates the peculiarities of polycentric urban regions (PURs) in generating agglomeration economies, namely, the question of how urbanisation externalities – size, density and divers...
TL;DR: It is argued that voluntary cooperation enabled across overlapping coalitions (akin to polycentricity) not only facilitates a higher generation of non-excludable public goods, but it may also allow evolution toward a more cooperative, stable, and inclusive approach to governance.
Abstract: While the benefits of common and public goods are shared, they tend to be scarce when contributions are provided voluntarily. Failure to cooperate in the provision or preservation of these goods is fundamental to sustainability challenges, ranging from local fisheries to global climate change. In the real world, such cooperative dilemmas occur in multiple interactions with complex strategic interests and frequently without full information. We argue that voluntary cooperation enabled across overlapping coalitions (akin to polycentricity) not only facilitates a higher generation of non-excludable public goods, but it may also allow evolution toward a more cooperative, stable, and inclusive approach to governance. Contrary to any previous study, we show that these merits of multi-coalition governance are far more general than the singular examples occurring in the literature, and they are robust under diverse conditions of excludability, congestion of the non-excludable public good, and arbitrary shapes of the return-to-contribution function. We first confirm the intuition that a single coalition without enforcement and with players pursuing their self-interest without knowledge of returns to contribution is prone to cooperative failure. Next, we demonstrate that the same pessimistic model but with a multi-coalition structure of governance experiences relatively higher cooperation by enabling recognition of marginal gains of cooperation in the game at stake. In the absence of enforcement, public-goods regimes that evolve through a proliferation of voluntary cooperative forums can maintain and increase cooperation more successfully than singular, inclusive regimes.
TL;DR: In this paper, an integrated regional energy policy and planning (IREPP) framework was devised to evaluate the feasibility of energy policies in meeting declared national targets in Taiwan, Mauritius, and Trinidad and Tobago.
Abstract: The integrated regional energy policy and planning (IREPP) framework was devised to evaluate the feasibility of energy policies in meeting declared national targets. While the framework advances the comprehensiveness of the feasibility assessment by bringing in concepts like environment economic equity, the muted way in which institutional factors and capacity are addressed remains weak and ineffective. Here, we corrected this weakness by presenting an IREPP framework that is enhanced by integrating principles of the institutional assessment and design (IAD) framework. The IAD framework emphasizes the careful consideration of contextual factors, it draws attention to the full range of transaction costs, and does not presume a priori that one type of institutional arrangement. This IREPP-IAD framework was used to evaluate the feasibility of energy policies in three different island jurisdictions—Taiwan, Mauritius, and Trinidad and Tobago. With ambitious national targets, these islands are good testing grounds for this updated approach. Through qualitative comparative case study analysis, several institutional factors were found to play an influence if national energy policies are likely to meet set targets. These factors included: government/policy decision makers and the decision/policymaking environment; governance structure and commitment for energy policy; existing policy instruments and tools that are in play and those planned; polycentricity; stakeholder participation and community building; market dynamics; information transparency; pilot programs and technology innovations/research; compliance or responsibilities under the Paris Accord; grid connectivity and monitoring of the policy implementation progress. This study contributes in two ways. First, by providing a more robust framework for assessing institutional arrangements that moderate how energy policies are implemented and second, providing insightful assessments of the energy policies in three island jurisdictions, thereby increasing our understanding of island energy policymaking and implementation in these understudied geographies.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors deal with the process of establishing inter-municipal cooperation among towns, particularly among towns in a polycentric settlement system, and focus is on the specific temporal context of the cooperation.
Abstract: The paper deals with the process of establishing inter-municipal cooperation among towns, particularly among towns in a polycentric settlement system. Emphasis is on the specific temporal context o...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the maritime specialization of European cities in recent decades, showing that combined sea-land centrality has stable but different relationships according to the type of place considered.
Abstract: European cities, like most of the world’s cities, are to some degree dependent upon maritime transport for their development, as more than 90% of seaborne trade volume is carried by sea. This also applies to Europe’s external trade. While cities possessing ports play a crucial role in the distribution of goods traffic in such a context, the maritime influence exerted by global trade on non-port, inland cities have not been so far studied from a combined sea-land perspective. The results show a differentiation of the European territory in terms of modal specialization, core-periphery, polycentricity, and intermodal centrality / accessibility. We map the maritime specialization of European cities in recent decades, showing that combined sea-land centrality has stable but different relationships according to the type of place considered. The conclusion discusses the outcomes of our results for policy and further research on coupled networks and urban studies.
TL;DR: Zusammenfassung as discussed by the authors ) is a Zusammensch-Fassung-based Zusammelfassung (ZFZ) association, founded in 1989.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine both the theory underpinning the innovation systems approach, which bears considerable affinities with Austrian economics, and also its policy implications, arguing that the work of Friedrich Hayek and Elinor Ostrom in particular can be used to draw attention to some potential difficulties with the way in which the IS approach is often used to guide policy.
Abstract: The innovation systems (IS) approach — developed by Richard Nelson, Christopher Freeman and Bengt-Ake Lundvall, amongst others — has become perhaps the dominant approach in the academic literature for the study of innovation. It has also exerted considerable influence on policy. This paper examines both the theory underpinning the IS approach, which bears considerable affinities with Austrian economics, and also its policy implications. It is argued that the work of Friedrich Hayek and Elinor Ostrom in particular can be used draws attention to some potential difficulties with the way in which the IS approach is often used to guide policy. Ideas drawn from Austrian economics, as well as the work of Elinor Ostrom, are used to help develop and improve the IS approach, both theoretically and in terms of its approach to policy.
TL;DR: A traffic flow-embedded and topic modeling-based methodology framework was evaluated on real-world datasets from the Wujiang district, Suzhou, China, which contains 151,419 records of taxi trajectory data and 86,036 records of points of interest (POI) data, providing a novel approach to examining urban functional polycentricity via combining urban function distribution and spatial interactions.
Abstract: With the rapid development of communication and transportation technologies, the urban area is increasingly becoming an ever more dynamic, comprehensive, and complex system. Meanwhile, functional polycentricity as a distinctive feature has been characterizing urban areas around the world. However, the spatial structure of the urban area has yet to be fully comprehended from a dynamic perspective, and understanding the spatial organization of polycentric urban regions (PUR) is crucial for issues related to urban planning, traffic control, and urban risk management. The analysis of polycentricity strongly depends on the spatial scale. In order to identify functional polycentricity at the intra-unban scale, this paper presents a traffic flow-embedded and topic modeling-based methodology framework. This framework was evaluated on real-world datasets from the Wujiang district, Suzhou, China, which contains 151,419 records of taxi trajectory data and 86,036 records of points of interest (POI) data. This paper provides a novel approach to examining urban functional polycentricity via combining urban function distribution and spatial interactions. This proposed methodology can help urban authorities better understand urban dynamics in terms of function distribution and internal connectedness and facilitate urban development in terms of urban planning and traffic control.
TL;DR: In this paper, a case study of regulatory energy performance requirements on buildings in Sweden is presented, where the authors show how local energy performance requirement on buildings provided tensions that impeded their own longevity but contributed to raising ambitions in national regulation.
Abstract: Local governments have come to play an increasingly active role in addressing current environmental challenges. In addition to improving the environmental performance of a specific city, such initiatives can potentially spur policy change at other levels of government and thereby contribute to the addressing of global environmental challenges. This type of interplay between local and higher levels of government has been insufficiently addressed by environmental governance research. This study addresses this research gap by looking at the case of regulatory energy performance requirements on buildings in Sweden. Through a case study methodology, the research turns to policy documents and interviews. The research shows how local energy performance requirements on buildings provided tensions that impeded their own longevity but contributed to raising ambitions in national regulation. The research contributes to work on polycentric governance by accounting for the existence of hierarchies through the use of concepts from historical institutionalism. In this regard, the study suggests that governance initiatives are prone to institutional layering that, through policy feedback processes, conditions their impact in terms of reaching overarching policy goals. The research is important as it adds empirical substance to the discussion on the potential and limits of local governments in addressing current environmental challenges. (Less)
TL;DR: In this article, a semi-automated approach developed from the institutional grammar is used to analyze four policymaking venues by their 55 public policies adopted from 2007 through 2019 in the context of oil and gas development in Colorado, USA.
Abstract: This paper portrays a polycentric governance system by exploring the evolution of its structure and the interdependencies of its policymaking venues. It utilizes a semi-automated approach developed from the institutional grammar to analyze four policymaking venues by their 55 public policies adopted from 2007 through 2019 in the context of oil and gas development in Colorado, USA. The results show that this governance system continuously evolves through the adoption of public policies, which modifies its constellation of actors, issues, rules, and deontics (i.e., imperatives). In analyzing the content of these policies, we show how the four policymaking venues display interdependencies as well as distinct emphases. The conclusion summarizes the contributions and raises challenges for advancing knowledge about polycentricity.