Showing papers on "Public policy published in 1981"
Book•
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: Part 1: Methods of Policy Communication 1. A Framework for Policy Analysis 2. Policy Analysis in the Policy Process 3. Structuring Policy Problems 4. Forecasting Expected Policy Outcomes 5. Prescribing Preferred Policies 6. Monitoring Observed Policy Outcome 7. Evaluating Policy Performance 8. Developing Policy Arguments
Abstract: Part 1: Methods of Policy Communication 1. A Framework for Policy Analysis 2. Policy Analysis in the Policy Process Part 2: Methods of Policy Analysis 3. Structuring Policy Problems 4. Forecasting Expected Policy Outcomes 5. Prescribing Preferred Policies 6. Monitoring Observed Policy Outcomes 7. Evaluating Policy Performance Part 3: Methods of Policy Communication 8. Developing Policy Arguments 9. Communicating Policy Analysis Appendix 1 Policy Issue Papers Appendix 2 Executive Summaries Appendix 3 Policy Memoranda Appendix 4 Oral Briefings
546 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1981TL;DR: In this article, applied welfare economics and public policy are discussed in the context of public policy and public welfare, where the authors propose a framework for applying welfare economics in public policy.
Abstract: Applied welfare economics and public policy , Applied welfare economics and public policy , کتابخانه دیجیتالی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی و خدمات درمانی شهید بهشتی
540 citations
TL;DR: The major ethical considerations in the conceptualization and measurement of the equity of access concept are summarized, national and community data on the most current profile of access in the United States are presented, and the implications of these conceptual and empirical issues are discussed.
Abstract: This paper summarizes the major ethical considerations in the conceptualization and measurement of the equity of access concept, presents national and community data on the most current profile of access in the United States, and discusses the implications of these conceptual and empirical issues. Changes in health care policy and the future of the "equity of access" objective in the U.S. are also discussed. THE ETHICAL considerations in the conceptualization and measurement of equity of access to medical care, the current empirical profile of equity in the United States, and the implications of these conceptual and empirical issues for future health policy dealing with the "equity of access" objective are the focus points of this report. Implicit in this objective of equity are three assumptions that serve as a starting point for examining the ethics of equity: 1) Health care is a right; 2) The resources for allocating health care are finite; 3) Health policy should be concerned with the design of "just" mechanisms for allocating
450 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: The relationship between public policy and action, the processes at work within and between agencies involved in making and implementing public policy, and the factors affecting those processes are discussed in this article.
Abstract: PrefaceThis book is about the relationship between public policy and action, the processes at work within and between agencies involved in making and implementing public policy and the factors affecting those processes As a working approximation we suggest that the term 'public policy' may be defined as the implicit or explicit intentions of government and the expression of those intentions entailing specific patterns of activity or inaction by governmental agencies Public policy provides the framework within which agencies of government operate to control, regulate or promote certain facets of society in the interests of national defence, law and order, economic and financial management, social welfare and the likeIn recent years, professional and academic concern with problems of public policy implementation - translation of policy into actions - has increased, and this concern relates to wider anxieties about the effectiveness of public policy and government in general At one level, concern with effectiveness forms part of wider ideological debates about the role of the state in society and about the 'governability' of an increasingly complex industrial society, in which, it is argued, interventions are likely to have unforeseen or counter-intentional resultsWhilst public policy emanates from the 'public sector' - including both the institutions of central and local government and state created agencies such as water or health authorities, commissions and corporations - it may be implemented through and directed at a wide variety of individuals and organizations which may or may not be part of the state apparatus, and which may be to a greater or lesser degree independent of state influence or control In the past, studies have been dominated by institutional, public administration or policy analysis perspectives and have tended to concentrate on the substance of policy, the process of its formulation and its effectiveness in terms of impact Concern with effectiveness is now being extended to include a closer look at what actually happens to policy 'in the hands' of implementers, that is, the processes of implementation, the factors affecting those processes and their relationship to policy formulation and changeOur own interest and involvement in the subject area stems in part from this general environment of growing concern with different aspects of public policy 'effectiveness' and in part from our own experience and role as teachers and researchers in the field of policy studies As ex-practitioners ourselves from central and local government, and latterly as teachers-of-practitioners in our work at the University of Bristol School for Advanced Urban Studies, we have shared awareness of the public criticism of 'bureaucratic ineffectiveness' often levelled at those in the public sector, and the concern, even frustration, felt by many at their inability to 'get things done' What actually happens may appear a long way short of policy intentions, or innovative action seems to be thwarted by restrictive policy or practice imposed from above At worst, the sheer multiplicity of agencies that have to be involved in the formulation and implementation of a particular strand of policy, the complicated interaction between policies, and the difficulty of identifying clear objectives and priorities for action against a background of changing political, social and economic circumstances combine to produce an environment of uncertainty, if not impotence, for the individual 'actor' in the processThese rather different perspectives have led us, along with several of our colleagues, into the study of implementation aimed at understanding the relationship between policy and action Over the past few years, individuals at the School for Advanced Urban Studies have undertaken a number of studies of the process of implementation or impact of specific public policies At present a team of researchers (including three of the contributors: Michael Hill, Susan Barrett and Tom Davies) is undertaking research supported by the Social Science Research Council on Implementation in the Central-Local Relationship This body of work and the debate generated within the School have provided the background to some of the material included in this volumeAlthough we are close to the world of practice, we are aware of the power and dominance of practitioner ideologies and debates Consequently, in this volume we have attempted to allow the contributors and ourselves to develop ideas that are distinct from those used in the practice of government That is, we hope we have been able to get some distance on the world of practice and present an analysis from a somewhat more detached stance
314 citations
TL;DR: This paper focused on the problem of group interests and representation, drawing on and suggesting further research on public opinion, interest groups, social movements, international politics, political elites, and public policy.
Abstract: Recent years have witnessed an increasing demand by women for political representation of women. This demand points the way toward a number of important problems for political research, many of which remain unsolved primarily because of the segregation of women's studies from the dominant concerns of political science. This discussion focuses on the problem of group interests and representation, drawing on and suggesting further research on public opinion, interest groups, social movements, international politics, political elites, and public policy.
287 citations
TL;DR: By investigating eighteenth-century social and economic thought, the authors smoothly integrates history of ideas and the history of public policy in the Jeffersonian era, and the book was originally published by UNC Press in 1980.
Abstract: By investigating eighteenth-century social and economic thought--an intellectual world with its own vocabulary, concepts, and assumptions--Drew McCoy smoothly integrates the history of ideas and the history of public policy in the Jeffersonian era. The book was originally published by UNC Press in 1980.
277 citations
Book•
26 Mar 1981
168 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine the implications of information disclosure for designing government information programs and emphasize the need to examine the effects of information disclosures in the total information environment, and examine the impact of disclosure on the overall information environment.
Abstract: Consumers acquire information from a variety of internal and external sources. Sources differ in their abilities to convey different kinds of information. This paper examines the implications of these sources for designing government information programs. It emphasizes the need to examine the effects of information disclosures in the total information environment.
154 citations
TL;DR: The authors identified four research traditions on the effects of advertising and differentiated one of them from the other three, the tradition of macroeconomic studies, and a review of this tradition is provided.
Abstract: Four research traditions on the effects of advertising are identified, and one of them—the tradition of macroeconomic studies—is carefully differentiated from the other three. A review of this macr...
Book•
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a review of the current state of the art in the area of sustainable energy management and its implications on the future of the world's ecosystems. But, their focus is on renewable energy.
Abstract: (Most chapters end with Review Questions, Thinking Environmentally, Making a Difference and Web References). Preface. 1. Introduction: Sustainability, Stewardship, and Sound Science. The Global Environmental Picture. Three Unifying Themes. Ethics: What Is the Stewardship Ethic? Earth Watch: Agenda 21. I. ECOSYSTEMS AND HOW THEY WORK. 2. Ecosystems: Units of Sustainability. What Are Ecosystems. The Structure of Ecosystems. Global Biomes. Implications for Humans. Ethics: Can Ecosystems Be Restored? 3. Ecosystems: How They Work. Matter, Energy, and Life. Principles of Ecosystem Functions. Implications for Humans. Global Perspective: Lights and Nutrients: The Controlling Factors in Marine Ecosystems. Earth Watch: Biosphere 2. 4. Ecosystems: Population and Succession. Popular Dynamics. Mechanisms of Population Equilibrium. Disturbance and Succession. Implications for Humans. Ethics: The Dilemma of Advocacy. Earth Watch: An Endangered Ecosystem Act? 5. Ecosystems and Evolutionary Change. Selection by the Environment. Selection of Traits and Genes. Changes in Species and Ecosystems. Plate Tectonics. Evolution in Perspective. Ethics: Selection: Natural and Unnatural. Earth Watch: What Is a Species? Earth Watch: Preserving Genes for Agriculture. II. THE HUMAN POPULATION. 6. The Human Population: Demographics. The Population Explosion and Its Cause. Different Worlds. Environmental and Social Impacts of Growing Populations and Affluence. Dynamics of Population Growth. Earth Watch: Are We Living Longer? Ethics: The Dilemma of Immigration. 7. Addressing the Population Problem. Reassessing the Demographic Transition. Development. A New Direction for Development: Social Modernization. The Cairo Conference. Global Perspective: Fertility and Literacy. Ethics: Additional Incentives for Reducing Fertility. Earth Watch: An Integrated Approach to Alleviating the Conditions of Poverty. III. RENEWABLE RESOURCES. 8. Soil and the Soil Ecosystem. Plants and Soils. Soil Degradation. Addressing Soil Degradation. Ethics: Erosion by Equation. Global Perspective: Three-Strata Forage System for Mountainous Drylands. 9. Water: Hydrologic Cycle and Human Use. Water-A Vital Resource. The Hydrologic Cycle. Human Impacts on the Hydrologic Cycle. Sources and Uses of Fresh Water. Overdrawing Water Resources. Obtaining More Water. Using Less Water. Desalting Sea Water. Storm Water. Water Stewardship. Earth Watch: Water Purification. Global Perspective: The Death of the Aral Sea. Global Perspective: The World Water Forum. 10. The Production and Distribution of Food. Crops and Animals: Major Patterns of Food Production. Food Distribution and Trade. Hunger, Malnutrition, and Famine. Global Perspective: World Food Summit. Ethics: The Lifeboat Ethic of Garret Hardin. 11. Wild Species: Biodiversity and Protection. Value of Wild Species. Saving Wild Species. Biodiversity. Earth Watch: Return of the Gray Wolf. Global Perspective: Biodiversity: Essential or Not? 12. Ecosystems as Resources. Biological Systems in a Global Perspective. Conservation and Preservation. Biomes and Ecosystems under Pressure. Public and Private Lands in the United States. Earth Watch: Nature's Corporations. Earth Watch: Will Aquaculture Be Able to Fill the Gap? IV. ENERGY. 13. Energy from Fossil Fuels. Energy Sources and Uses. The Exploitation of Crude Oil. Other Fossil Fuels. Sustainable Energy Options. Ethics: Trading Wilderness for Energy in the Far North. Earth Watch: Cogeneration: Industrial Common Sense. 14. Nuclear Energy: Promise and Problems. Nuclear Power: Dream or Delusion? How Nuclear Power Works. The Hazards and Costs of Nuclear Power. More Advanced Reactors. The Future of Nuclear Power. Ethics: Showdown in the New West. Earth Watch: Radiation Phobia? 15. Renewable Energy. Principles of Solar Energy. Putting Solar Energy to Work Indirect Solar Energy. Additional Renewable Energy Options. Policy for a Sustainable Energy Future. Earth Watch: Economic Payoff of Solar Energy. Ethics: Transfer of Energy Technology to the Developing World. V. POLLUTION AND PREVENTION. 16. Environmental Hazards and Human Health. Links between Human Health and the Environment. Pathways of Risk. Risk Assessment. Ethics: The Rights of Smokers? Global Perspective: An Unwelcome Globalization. 17. Pests and Pest Control. The Need for Pest Control. Promises and Problems of the Chemical Approach. Alternative Pest Control Methods. Socioeconomic Issues in Pest Management. Public Policy. Ethics: DDT for Malaria Control: Hero or Villain? Global Perspective: Wasps 1, Mealybugs 0. 18. Water: Pollution and Its Prevention. Water Pollution. Eutrophication. Sewage Management and Treatment. Public Policy. Earth Watch: Monitoring for Sewage Contamination. Earth Watch: The Algae from Hell. Ethics: Cleaning Up the Flow. 19. Municipal Solid Waste: Disposal and Recovery. The Solid-Waste Problem. Solutions. Public Policy and Waste Management. Earth Watch: Regionalized Recycling. Ethics: Affluenza: Do You Have It? 20. Hazardous Chemicals: Pollution and Prevention. Toxicology and Chemical Hazards. A History of Mismanagement. Cleaning Up the Mess. Management of New Wastes. Looking toward the Future. Earth Watch: The Case of the Obee Road NPL Site. Ethics: Environmental Justice and Hazardous Waste. Career Link: Daniel S. Granz, EPA Environmental Engineer. 21. The Atmosphere: Climate, Climate Change, and Ozone Depletion. Atmosphere and Weather. Climate. Global Climate Change. Depletion of the Ozone Layer. Ethics: Stewardship of the Atmosphere. Global Perspective: Coping with UV Radiation. 22. Atmospheric Pollution. Air Pollution Essentials. Major Air Pollutants and Their Impact. Sources of Pollutants. Acid Deposition. Bringing Air Pollution under Control. Taking Stock. Global Perspective: Mexico City: Life in a Gas Chamber. Earth Watch: Portland Takes a Right Turn. Earth Watch: The Clean Air Act Brings a Windfall. VI. TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE. 23. Economics, Public Policy, and the Environment. Economics and Public Policy. Resources and the Wealth of Nations. Pollution and Public Policy. Benefit-Cost Analysis. Politics, the Public, and Public Policy. Earth Watch: Green Fees and Taxes. Global Perspective: The World Trade Organization. 24. Sustainable Communities and Lifestyles. Urban Sprawl. Urban Blight. Moving toward Sustainable Communities. Epilogue. Ethics: The Tangier Island Covenant. Career Link: Brain Hopper, Environmental Law Intern. ABC Video Case Studies, Volume V. Appendix A: Environmental Organizations. Appendix B: Units of Measure. Appendix C: Some Basic Chemical Concepts. Bibliography and Suggested Reading. Glossary. Index.
TL;DR: The use of SOEs as instruments of public policy and the resulting clashes between these enterprises and private firms on the one hand and government and other controllers on the other, are causing concern.
Abstract: State-Owned Enterprises SOEs have become important instruments of social and economic policy in industrialized mixed economies and in developing countries. The use of SOEs as instruments of public policy and the resulting clashes between these enterprises and private firms on the one hand and government and other controllers on the other, are causing concern. Public committees in different countries as well as international organizations have been searching for positive theory for guidance in handling the multitude of problems related to these enterprises. Theoretical models have made important contributions to the formalization of certain problems and the classification of the information needed to solve them. Unfortunately, these theoretical models have had little relevance for the solution of important real problems.
Much of the research on SOEs is concerned with how these enterprises should behave, and what should be the product of their operations. Almost no research has been done on why SOEs function as they do. The paucity of knowledge about the operation of SOEs stems both from insufficient research effort, and from the concern of researchers with formal structures and products of these organizations and not with management behavior or with decision processes.
The purpose of this paper is to call for research beyond the confines of traditional economics, using the tools of management science to obtain insights into the difficult but salient problems of SOEs.
Book•
15 Dec 1981
TL;DR: The Trudeau government's White Paper on Indian policy issued in 1969 was a shock to members of the general public as well as the Indian population as discussed by the authors, it was diametrically opposed to what the Indians had been led to believe: that their rights would be honoured and that they would participate in shaping the policies that determined their future.
Abstract: The Trudeau government's White Paper on Indian policy issued in 1969 was a shock to members of the general public as well as the Indian population. Proposing to terminate all special rights, including the Indian Act, reserves, and treaties, it was diametrically opposed to what the Indians had been led to believe: that their rights would be honoured and that they would participate in shaping the policies that determined their future. The book looks inside the federal government in the early Trudeau years to see how that White Paper was formulated. The author examines ideologies held by major policy makers in the face of concepts of public participation and public servant activism -- two approaches to policy making closely coupled in Ottawa during the period. She reveals how the policy was developed behind close doors by a number of conflicting bureaucracies, in spite of the efforts of those who recommended Indian participation. The result was Indian militancy and mistrust, the very condition with the government hoped to dispel. The White Paper was shelved in 1970, but it left a powerful legacy. It continues to have an impact on government-Indian relations, as the Indians judge current policies and action on the basis of their memories. The author evaluates this impact and its implications for future governments with an eye to avoiding past errors. The book contributes to a greater understanding of government policy making. It demonstrates that personal aspirations and histories, individual philosophies, and political craftsmanship can dominate reason and logic in policy formation.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that without certainty about government policies, business decision makers are unable to assess risk and opportunity and make the trade-offs necessary for investment in new technologies.
Abstract: Without certainty about government policies, business decision makers are unable to assess risk and opportunity and make the trade-offs necessary for investment in new technologies. Different policies (R&D, health and safety, economic regulation) have different effects, depending on type of industry and size of firm. Because there are no established standards for judging industry performance, it is difficult to know whether policy uncertainty is simply a rationalization for not innovating or whether there is a cause-and-effect relationship between policy uncertainty and technological change.
Book•
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: Kelman as mentioned in this paper sets forth the philosophical reasons for the non-economist's skepticism of the economist's view of the world and discusses political strategy from the point of view of a policy entrepreneur who is trying to get ideas adopted.
Abstract: Sets forth in a straightforward and sensible way the philosophical reasons for the non-economist's skepticism of the economist's view of the world. Its relevance extends beyond environmental issues to other areas where microeconomic theory is being applied to public policy. Kelman cites results to confirm his view that both opponents and supporters of economic incentives have important philosophical concerns. He takes the role of an advocate of the use of incentives in formulating an environmental policy. He also discusses political strategy from the point of view of the policy entrepreneur who is trying to get ideas adopted. Economists and non-economists alike will welcome this book as a bridge over a perceptual gap in an important area of policymaking.
Posted Content•
TL;DR: Price ceilings and price floors are common in all market systems as mentioned in this paper, and numerous public policy questions today involve them and their effects have been debated for as long as price controls have existed, and even Diocletion's favorable view of his price ceilings' was disputed by the religious philosopher, Lactantius who charged that the policy led to scarcity and low grade articles.
Abstract: Price ceilings and price floors are common in all market systems. The ancient Greeks and Hellenistic era Egyptians are known to have utilized price controls (see H. Michele, p. 272, and J. P. Levy, p. 41), and numerous public policy questions today involve them. Apparently for as long as price controls have existed, their effects have been debated. For example, Diocletion's favorable view of his price ceilings' was disputed by the religious philosopher, Lactantius, who charged that the policy led to "scarcity and... low grade articles" (p. 145).
Book•
21 Sep 1981
TL;DR: The Princeton Legacy Library as discussed by the authors uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press, preserving the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions.
Abstract: Professor Bunce assesses the impact of changes in leadership on priorities in policy within the Soviet bloc and western democratic states during the postwar era, with particular emphasis on the Soviet Union and the United States.Originally published in 1981.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
TL;DR: By combining estimates of the effect of air pollution on both property values and human health risks, it may be possible to draw inferences about individuals' valuations of risk.
TL;DR: The educational handicap public policy and social history a broadened perspective on mental retardation that we provide for you will be ultimate to give preference as mentioned in this paper, this reading book is your chosen book to accompany you when in your free time, in your lonely.
Abstract: The educational handicap public policy and social history a broadened perspective on mental retardation that we provide for you will be ultimate to give preference. This reading book is your chosen book to accompany you when in your free time, in your lonely. This kind of book can help you to heal the lonely and get or add the inspirations to be more inoperative. Yeah, book as the widow of the world can be very inspiring manners. As here, this book is also created by an inspiring author that can make influences of you to do more.
Abstract: A comparison of the differing approaches to political development in Kenya and Tanzania, and the effect of these differing approaches on public policies and policy-making has probably occurred to many students of African politics. The choice of this pair of nations seems so obvious. Kenya has opted for devlopment on the basis of \"patron-client capitalism,\" and Tanzania is explicitly following a \"one-party socialist\" path (to use terms preferred by the present book's editors). Both nations have achieved independence at about the same time, have similar population sizes, similar GNP per capita figures, and are neighbors. Both nations have been led by a dominating political figure through the first fiteen years of independence. Neither has had a period of military rule. This all makes for a certain neatness in focusing on the very different commitments to political development, and their effect on public policies. If a comparison of Kenya and Tanzania has occurred to others, and the editors are ready to admit that there is as much literature on these two nations as on almost any other in Africa, the comparison has never been handled as well as in this volume. The achievement is all the more impressive because it is done in the context of a collection of contributions by several authors, including the editors. The book has a unity, balance, and coherence seldom found in an edited collection on any subject. The coherence comes partly from the fact that the careers of all the contributors have crossed in East Africa and they are personally acquainted. The balance is the result of a very skillful effort by the editors. After an introductory essay by one of the editors, Joel Barkan, the first part of the book is devoted to three articles on the institutions of the policy-making process. The respective political parties, elections, legislators, and bureaucracies are covered here. The second part of the volume focuses more on specific policies, with articles on rural development policy, urban policy, educational policy and foreign relations. One article in the second part does not fit as neatly, because it treats a more general topic. The author, Claude Ake, concerns himself in his contribution, \"Ideology and Objective Conditions,\" with the very important question of the extent and the origins of the differing ideologies in the two nations. The effect of this article is to temper the obvious line of thought that ideology is the determinate factor in differing public policies in Kenya and Tanzania. Ake's contribution is an extremely important one in the book as a whole. All of the articles are comparative in their approach, and all assume that there is something different in the goals and objectives of development in Kenya versus
TL;DR: In this paper, Misconceptions about the early land-grant colleges were surveyed and a survey of early land grant colleges is presented. The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 52, No. 4, pp. 333-351.
Abstract: (1981). Misconceptions About the Early Land-Grant Colleges. The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 52, No. 4, pp. 333-351.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors trace the legislative history of the Refugee Act of 1980, identify the goals Congress intended to achieve, and discuss its implementation in relation to the recent influx of Cuban ref...
Abstract: This article traces the legislative history of the Refugee Act of 1980, identifies the goals Congress intended to achieve, discusses its implementation in relation to the recent influx of Cuban ref...
TL;DR: In this paper, consumer socialization-related issues center around either protecting the unsophisticated child from persuasive communications or teaching him effective consumer skills (e.g., product safety habits).
Abstract: Because of recent issues surrounding the effects of marketing activities on the youth, consumer learning among young people has become of increasing interest to several groups of people including public policy makers and consumer educators. Public policy makers are primarily interested in understanding consumer socialization (i.e., the process by which young people develop consumer-related thoughts and actions) in order to effectively respond to consumerist pressures regarding marketing practices affecting youths and their families. Consumer educators need to understand consumer socialization to better prepare young people for effective interaction with the marketplace (Ward, 1974). In spite of the growing interest in this area, relatively little theory and published research exist to guide effective decision making (Ward, 1974). Suggestions for resolving consumer socialization-related issues center around either protecting the unsophisticated child from persuasive communications (e.g., ban television advertisements) (FTC Staff Report, 1978) or teaching him effective consumer skills (e.g., product safety habits) (Faber and Ward, 1977). These suggestions heavily rely upon the cognitive development approach to socialization which assumes a fairly slow unfolding intellectual growth through childhood and early adolescence resulting from
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a comprehensive framework for explaining and understanding program performance, which is divided into two parts, the formulating process and the carrying out process, although these two processes may overlap considerably, both in time and in terms of substantive concerns.
Abstract: Recent social science research – particularly evaluation research and cost-benefit analysis – has produced a substantial and very useful literature on the impact of public policy and on the relationship of program inputs to outputs and outcomes. However, the explicit focus of these analytic techniques on impacts and outcomes does not systematically yield useful information on why programs have been successes or failures. Policy-makers faced with an evaluation of program success or failure obviously need to know something about the why question if they are to make needed adjustments in the program or carry the lessons of one program to other areas. This article attempts to present a comprehensive framework for explaining and understanding program performance. It is meant to have two uses and to serve two clienteles. First, it presents for social scientists a set of research questions to guide research into the determinants of program performance. Second, it provides public policy-makers with a set of action questions which should be asked and answered appropriately in the actual formulating and carrying out of public policy, as a means of enhancing the chances of program success. The framework is divided into two parts, the formulating process and the carrying out process, although these two processes may overlap considerably, both in time and in terms of substantive concerns. Program success may be impeded by problems or inadequacies in one or more of the components in either the formulating stage or the carrying out stage or in both.
Book•
01 Jan 1981TL;DR: The Guadalajara Region in Time and Space and the Changing Equilibrium: Late Colonial Conflicts over Land and the Clash is presented.
Abstract: Chapter 1 Foreword Chapter 2 Introduction to the 25th Anniversary Edition Chapter 3 Introduction Part 4 Part I. The Human and Natural Environment Chapter 5 Chapter 1. The Guadalajara Region in Time and Space Chapter 6 Chapter 2. Demographic Change-Rural and Urban Part 7 Part II. Guadalajara as a Market: Urban Demand and Public Policy Chapter 8 Chapter 3. Meat Chapter 9 Chapter 4. Wheat Chapter 10 Chapter 5. Maize Part 11 Part III. The Flowering of the Hacienda System Chapter 12 Chapter 6. The late Colonial Hacienda-An Introduction Chapter 13 Chapter 7. Hacienda Ownership-Stability and Instability Chapter 14 Chapter 8. Hacienda Ownership-Sources of Capital Chapter 15 Chapter 9. Hacienda Ownership-Patterns and Value and Investment Chapter 16 Chapter 10. Hacienda Production-The Changing Equilibrium Chapter 17 Chapter 11. Hacienda Labor Part 18 Part IV. 'Desde Tiempo Inmemorial': Late Colonial Conflicts over Land Chapter 19 Chapter 12. Population Pressure in the Countryside Chapter 20 Chapter 13. Formation and Stability of the Hacienda Chapter 21 Chapter 14. The Clash