Showing papers on "Qualitative research published in 1996"

Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach

Abstract: Chapter 1. A Model for Qualitative Research Design Chapter 2. Goals: Why Are You Doing This Study? Chapter 3. Conceptual Framework: What Do You Think Is Going On? Chapter 4. Research Questions: What Do You Want to Understand? Chapter 5. Methods: What Will You Actually Do? Chapter 6. Validity: How Might You Be Wrong? Chapter 7. Research Proposals: Presenting and Justifying a Qualitative Study Appendix A. A Proposal for a Study of Medical School Teaching Appendix B. A Proposal for a Study of Online Learning by Teachers

InterViews: Learning the Craft of Qualitative Research Interviewing

Abstract: List of Boxes, Figures, and Tables Preface to the Third Edition Acknowledgments About the Author Introduction 1. Introduction to Interview Research Conversation as Research Three Interview Sequences Interview Research in History and in the Social Sciences The Interview Society Methodological and Ethical Issues in Research Interviewing Overview of the Book Interviewing as a Craft Interviewing as a Social Production of Knowledge Interviewing as a Social Practice Part I: Conceptualizing the Research Interview Part II: Seven Stages of Research Interviewing Concluding Perspectives PART I. Conceptualizing the Research Interview 2. Characterizing Qualitative Research Interviews A Qualitative Research Interview on Learning Phenomenology and the Mode of Understanding in a Qualitative Research Interview Power Asymmetry in Qualitative Research Interviews Philosophical Dialogues, Therapeutic Conversations, and Research Interviews Therapeutic Interviews and Research Interviews Qualitative Interviews as Research Instruments and Social Practices 3. Epistemological Issues of Interviewing The Interviewer as a Miner or as a Traveler Interviews in a Postmodern Age Seven Features of Interview Knowledge Knowledge and Interviews in a Positivist Conception A Rehabilitation of Classical Positivism? Methodological Positivism Qualitative Interviewing Between Method and Craft Research Interviewing: Method or Personal Skills The Craft of Research Interviewing Learning the Craft of Research Interviewing 4. Ethical Issues of Interviewing Interviewing as a Moral Inquiry Ethical Issues Throughout an Interview Inquiry Ethical Positions: Rules and Procedures or Personal Virtues? Ethical Guidelines Informed Consent Confidentiality Consequences The Role of the Researcher Learning Ethical Research Behavior 5. The Qualitative Research Interview as Context Interviewers and Interviewees The Interviewer The Interviewee Bodies and Nonhumans Nonhumans and Surroundings PART II. Seven Stages of an Interview Investigation 6. Thematizing and Designing an Interview Study Seven Stages of an Interview Inquiry Thematizing an Interview Study Designing an Interview Study Mixed Methods 7. Conducting an Interview A Class Interview About Grades Setting the Interview Stage Scripting the Interview Interviewer Questions The Art of Second Questions 8. Interview Variations Interview Subjects Interviewing Subjects Across Cultures Interviews With Children Interviews With Elites Interview Forms Computer-Assisted Interviews Focus Group Interviews Factual Interviews Conceptual Interviews Narrative Interviews Discursive Interviews Confrontational Interviews 9. Interview Quality Hamlet's Interview Interview Quality The Interview Subject Interviewer Qualifications Standard Objections to the Quality of Interview Research Leading Questions 10. Transcribing Interviews Oral and Written Language Recording Interviews Transcribing Interviews Transcription Reliability, Validity, and Ethics 11. Preparing for Interview Analysis The 1,000-Page Question A Method of Analyzing the Question? Steps and Modes of Interview Analysis Computer Tools for Interview Analysis Coding 12. Interview Analyses Focusing on Meaning Meaning Condensation Meaning Interpretation The Issue of Multiple Interpretations Hermeneutical Interpretation of Meaning The Primacy of the Question in Interpretation Analytic Questions Posed to an Interview Text The Quest for the "Real Meaning" 13. Interview Analyses Focusing on Language Linguistic Analysis Conversation Analysis Narrative Analysis Discourse Analysis Deconstruction 14. Eclectic and Theoretical Analyses of Interviews Interview Analysis as Bricolage Interview Analysis as Theoretical Reading 15. The Social Construction of Validity Objectivity of Interview Knowledge Reliability and Validity of Interview Knowledge Validity as Quality of Craftsmanship Communicative Validity Pragmatic Validity Generalizing From Interview Studies 16. Reporting Interview Knowledge Contrasting Audiences for Interview Reports Boring Interview Reports Ethics of Reporting Investigating With the Final Report in Mind Standard Reports and Ways of Enhancing Them Method Results Enriching Interview Reports Journalistic Interviews Dialogues Therapeutic Case Histories Narratives Metaphors Visualizing Collage Publishing Qualitative Research 17. Conversations about Interviews Critiques of the Quality of Interview Knowledge Developing the Craft of Research Interviewing An Epistemology of Interview Knowledge The Object Determines the Method The Social Science Dogma of Quantification Research Interviewing as Social Practice Research Interviewing in a Social Context Interview Ethics in a Social Context Appendix: Learning Tasks Glossary References Index

Nursing research : the application of qualitative approaches

Abstract: Part 1 The purpose of qualitative research: the role of theory levels of theory types of theory evaluating theory qualitative research quantitative research selecting an approach methodological threats to validity thinking qualitatively the power of qualitative inquiry. Part 2 An overview of qualitative methods: research approaches to studying everyday experiences selecting a method. Part 3 Principles of conceptualizing a qualitative project: the qualitative proposal evaluating proposals selecting equipment informed consent - special considerations anticipating dilemmas in data collection. Part 4 Principles of doing research: gaining experience beginning data collection principles of data collection principles of sampling the ongoing nature of consent data storage withdrawing from the setting. Part 5 Principles of data collection: interviews principles of interview techniques written methods of data collection observational techniques fieldnotes additional methods of data collection. Part 6 Principles of data analysis: the process of analysis data preparation methods of coding data management techniques types of analysis classification systems atypical cases issues in qualitative research procedures of verification issues of rigour. Part 7 Qualitative approaches: phenomenology ethnography grounded theory ethnoscience methodological triangulation synthesizing qualitative studies. Part 8 Reporting qualitative research: writing qualitative research getting published oral presentations preparing effective posters videos evaluating qualitative research.

The creation of theory: A recent application of the grounded theory method

Abstract: This paper outlines a particular approach to building theory that was employed in a recent doctoral research project (Pandit, 1995). Three aspects used in conjunction indicate the project's novelty: firstly, the systematic and rigorous application of the grounded theory method; secondly, the use of on-line computerised databases as a primary source of data; and, thirdly, the use of a qualitative data analysis software package to aid the process of grounded theory building.

Qualitative Research for Nurses

Abstract: The research proposal data collection ethnography grounded theory phenomological research other approaches ethics problems in qualitative research writing the philosophy of qualitative method.

Constructing social research :the unity and diversity of method

Abstract: Foreword Preface PART I Elements of Social Research 1 What is Social Research? Introduction Some Conventional Views of Social Research Social Research and Other Ways of Representing Social Life Social Research Defined Journalism and Social Research: The Similarities How Social Research Differs 2 The Goals of Social Research Introduction The Seven Main Goals The Link between Goals and Strategies The Social Nature of Social Research 3 The Process of Social Research: Ideas and Evidence Introduction The Interpretive Model of Social Research Processes and Strategies of Social Research The Challenge of Social Research 4 The Ethics of Social Research Introduction Ethical Dilemmas and Failures The Troublesome History of Ethical Research The Current Ethical Standards and Institutional Oversight Ethical and Professional Dilemmas Facing Social Researchers PART II Strategies of Social Research 5 Using Qualitative Methods to Study Commonalities Introduction The Goals of Qualitative Research The Process of Qualitative Research Using Qualitative Methods The Study of a Single Case 6 Using Comparative Methods to Study Diversity Introduction Contrasts with Other Research Strategies The Goals of Comparative Research The Process of Comparative Research Using Comparative Methods 7 Using Quantitative Methods to Study Covariation Introduction Contrasts with Other Research Strategies The Goals of Quantitative Research The Process of Quantitative Research Using Quantitative Methods AFTERWORD: The Promise of Social Research with Mary Driscoll APPENDIX: Computing Correlation Coefficients References Glossary/Index

The key informant technique

Abstract: Background and objective This article considers the role of the key informant technique as a qualitative research method and examines the potential contribution of the approach to health care research. Method The principles underlying the technique and the advantages and disadvantages are considered, illustrated with examples from a range of social science studies. Results and conclusion An example of the author's own use of key informants in a study of the professional relationship between general practitioners and specialists is described.

Multiple Discourses, Multiple Identities: Investment and Agency in Second-Language Learning among Chinese Adolescent Immigrant Students.

Abstract: In this article, Sandra McKay and Sau-Ling Wong argue for a revision of code-based and individual learner-based views of second-language learning. Their position is based on a two-year qualitative study of adolescent Chinese-immigrant students conducted in California in the early 1990s, in which the authors and their research associates followed four Mandarin-speaking students through seventh and eighth grades, periodically interviewing them and assessing their English-language development. In discussing their findings, McKay and Wong establish a contextualist perspective that foregrounds interrelations of discourse and power in the learner's social environment. The authors identify mutually interacting multiple discourses to which the students were subjected, but of which they were also subjects, and trace the students' negotiations of dynamic, sometimes contradictory, multiple identities. Adopting B. N. Peirce's concept of investment, McKay and Wong relate these discourses and identities to the students...

Handbook of Qualitative Research Methods for Psychology and the Social Sciences

Abstract: This book explains the principal qualitative methods and applies them to psychological problems. It is designed for use in psychology and also other branches of social science. The books main aim is to increase people's confidence to use qualitative methods in their own research.

An Analysis of Thinking and Research about Qualitative Methods

Abstract: Contents: Preface. Part I: Foundations. Whether to Enter? A Potpourri of Definitions. Issues of Belief. The Qualitative Methodologies. The Qualitative Phenomenon. Part II: Interpretive Analysis. Nature of Qualitative Evidence. Issues of Evidence Gathering. Issues of Data Analysis. Methods of Analysis. Writing Purpose. Issues of Writing. Standards. Part III: Illustrations of Decision Making. An Illustration of Decision Making in a Quantitative Analysis. An Illustration of Decision Making in a Qualitative Analysis. Part IV: Critical Insights. External Critique of Qualitative Theory Foundational Issues. Critique of Qualitative Research. Is Convergence a Possibility? Appendix: Abstracts of Writings Used in Interpretive Analysis.

Principles of research in behavioral science

Abstract: 1. THE SCIENCE OF PSYCHOLOGY: THEORY, RESEARCH, AND APPLICATION Science / Theories / Research / Theory, Research, and Application2. RESEARCH STRATEGIES: AN OVERVIEW Purposes of Research / Quantitative and Qualitative Research / Research Strategies / Time Perspectives: Short-Term versus Long-Term / Research Settings: Laboratory versus Field / Research as a Set of Tradeoffs3. THE ETHICAL TREATMENT OF RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS Responsibility for Ethical Research / Ethical Considerations in Planning Research / Ethical Considerations During Data Collection / Ethical Considerations Following Data Collection4. FORMULATING A RESEARCH QUESTION Formulating Research Hypotheses / Replication Research / Designing Research for Utilization / Bias in the Formulation of Research Questions5. DEVELOPING A MEASUREMENT STRATEGY Reliability and Validity / Modalities of Measurement / Evaluating and Selecting Measures 6. THE INTERNAL VALIDITY OF RESEARCH Confounds / Threats to Internal Validity / Reactivity / Demand Characteristics / Experimenter Expectancies7. THE EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH STRATEGY A Note on Statistics / Manipulating the Independent Variable / Controlling Extraneous Variance / Multiple-Group Designs / Factorial Designs8. THE CORRELATIONAL (PASSIVE) RESEARCH STRATEGY The Nature of Correlational Research / Simple and Partial Correlation Analysis / Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA) / Some Other Correlational Techniques / Testing Mediational Hypotheses / Factor Analysis9. THE SINGLE-CASE RESEARCH STRATEGY The Role of Single-Case Research in Psychology / Validity Criteria in Single-Case Research / Case Study Research / Single-Case Experiments / Data Analysis in Single-Case Research10. RESEARCH IN NATURAL SETTINGS The Problem of Control in Natural Settings / Field Experiments / Natural Experiments and Quasi-Experiments / Naturalistic Observation / Interviews / Archival Data / Coding Open-Ended Data11. SURVEY RESEARCH Asking Questions / Obtaining Answers / Multi-Item Scales / Response Biases / Questionnaire Design / Questionnaire Administration / Survey Data Archives12. DATA COLLECTION Research Participants / Research Procedures / Using the Internet to Collect Data13. INTERPRETING RESEARCH RESULTS Describing Results / Interpreting the Results / Fitting Results into the Big Picture14. THE EXTERNAL VALIDITY OF RESEARCH The Concept of External Validity / The Structural Component of External Validity / The Functional and Conceptual Components of External Validity / Assessing External Validity / Laboratory Research, Natural-Setting Research, and External Validity15. EVALUATION RESEARCH Goal Definition / Program Monitoring / Impact Assessment / Efficiency Analysis / Information Utilization / Measuring Change16. INTEGRATIVE LITERATURE REVIEWING Defining the Research Question / Data Collection / Data Evaluation / Data Analysis / Data Interpretation / A Sample Meta-Analysis17. WRITING RESEARCH REPORTS The Research Report / Journal Articles and Convention Presentations / Ethical Issues in Publication18. THE PROFESSIONAL AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF SCIENTISTS Malpractice in Research / Mistakes and Error in Research / Using the Results of Research / Research and the Common Good

Lay people's attitudes to treatment of depression: results of opinion poll for Defeat Depression Campaign just before its launch.

Abstract: Objective: To investigate the attitudes of the general public towards depression before the Defeat Depression Campaign of the Royal Colleges of Psychiatrists and General Practitioners; these results form the baseline to assess the change in attitudes brought about by the campaign. Design: Group discussions generated data for initial qualitative research. The quantitative survey comprised a doorstep survey of 2003 people in 143 places around the United Kingdom. Results: The lay public in general seemed to be sympathetic to those with depression but reluctant to consult. Most (1704 (85%)) believed counselling to be effective but were against antidepressants. Many subjects (1563 (78%)) regarded antidepressants as addictive. Conclusions: Although people are sympathetic towards those with depression, they may project their prejudices about depression on to the medical profession. Doctors have an important role in educating the public about depression and the rationale for antidepressant treatment. In particular, patients should know that dependence is not a problem with antidepressants. Key messages Before beginning its five year task the campaign sought opinions from 2003 members of the public Most of the sample (78%) thought that antidepressants were addictive, and only 16% thought that they should be given to depressed people Most patients treated with antidepressants in primary care abandon taking them prematurely; fear of dependence is one likely explanation Patients should be informed clearly when antidepressants are first prescribed that discontinuing treatment in due course will not be a problem

Elite Interviewing: Approaches and Pitfalls

Abstract: Interviews are one of the major tools in qualitative research, although there is a limited literature on the subject of interviewing generally and elite interviewing particularly. The aim of this article is to introduce some of the issues involved in elite interviewing to researchers new to the use of the technique. Emphasis is also placed on the need for the interviewer to know his/her subject thoroughly, and to be prepared to be flexible in an interview situation. The information is based on the author's own recent experience of interviewing a number of top civil servants, both serving and retired.

Recent research on the achievements of ethnic minority pupils

Abstract: Educational progress and school effectiveness behind the numbers - qualitative research in multi-ethnic schools post-compulsory education.

The importance of context: Qualitative research and the study of leadership

Abstract: The use of qualitative research in the study of leadership is growing and its impact on the field is beginning to be felt. This article outlines some of the advantages of qualitative investigations of leadership and reports the results of an investigation of police leadership in England in which a qualitative approach was employed. Drawing on ideas from the New Leadership approach, data deriving from semi-structured interviews with a sample of police officers were analyzed in terms of concepts deriving from typical New Leadership findings. While many findings were consistent with New Leadership approaches, some important divergences emerged too. For example, charisma emerged as much less prominent in notions of what makes an effective leader than might have been expected from New Leadership research; by contrast, instrumental leadership was far more pervasive in police officers' thinking as central to effective leadership. The reasons for such findings are speculated upon. particularly with respect to the sensitivity to context that is a feature of qualitative research.

Working in the Interpretive Zone: Conceptualizing Collaboration in Qualitative Research Teams:

Abstract: The popular image of research, in natural and social sciences, has long been dominated by the figure of the lone researcher, a figure toiling independently to create knowledge for the field. The dissertation process that budding researchers undergo is, in its usual depictions, an extreme example of isolation in search of knowledge. This image of the independent scholar, however, glosses over the very social nature of the research process, making invisible the researcher's connections to the participants of the study and those numerous others with whom the researcher worked during the course of a study and who made important contributions to his/her interpretation. This image persists despite the fact that much research is conducted by groups of researchers and that the interactions of those groups are fundamental to the ideas they develop about the topic. Indeed, until recently, research, even when produced among multiple researchers, often appeared under the name of the senior researcher, and the roles and voices of others, such as the \"pods\" of graduate students who gathered the data, were often submerged into one person.

Action research for the study of organizations

Abstract: Action research for the study of organizations In common with other forms of qualitative research (Miles and Huberman 1984; Strauss and Corbin 1990; Gummesson 1991; Denzin and Lincoln 1994), action research has become increasingly prominent among researchers involved in the study of organizations as an espoused paradigm used to justify the validity of a range of research outputs. The term is sometimes used rather loosely to cover a variety of approaches. In this chapter we shall use the term to embody research which, broadly, results from an involvement by the researcher with members of an organization over a matter which is of genuine concern to them and in which there is an intent by the organization members to take action based on the intervention.

Focus groups in mental health research: enhancing the validity of user and provider questionnaires.

Abstract: Most mental health researchers rely upon quantitative methods of data collection Whilst such methods are commonly seen as reliable, qualitative methods are often seen as more valid Despite the value of qualitative methods of data collection, however, many researchers denigrate their use Qualitative research is often viewed as lacking in scientific rigour This paper explores the use of the focus group as a qualitative instrument to enhance the validity of existing questionnaires for mental health service users and providers Between July and August 1995 four focus groups were conducted in Exeter and Taunton among service users (with severe or long-term mental health problems) and providers (community psychiatric nurses, social workers and occupational therapists) It is demonstrated that focus groups enhance the validity of existing questionnaires by highlighting those concerns held by users and providers that would otherwise have been neglected

Existential phenomenology: Emphasizing the experience of the athlete in sport psychology research.

Abstract: Qualitative research in sport psychology is slowly becoming more of an accepted form of inquiry, and most of this research is conducted using various interview methods. In this paper, information is provided on a paradigm that has been given little consideration in sport psychology literature. This paradigm is termed existential phenomenology, and within this paradigm a chief mode of inquiry is the phenomenological interview. With its open-ended format and similarities to the athlete-sport psychology consultant interaction in a performance enhancement intervention, it is a method that appears to offer valuable information about the participant’s experience that might otherwise go unnoticied. The basic views of existential phenomenology, including its philosophical foundations as well as instructions for conducting a phenomenological interview study, are provided. Specific discussion of the potential significance of this type of research for the field of sport psychology is offered.

Engaging with Primary‐aged Children about their Emotions and Well‐being: Methodological Considerations

Abstract: This article notes that an increasing number of researchers are seeking to carry out studies which engage with children rather than use them as passive sources of data. Often there need to be compromises between ideals of participation and requirements of research sponsors. Some of the relevant methodological issues are illustrated with reference to a qualitative study of children's perceptions of their emotional needs and well-being. The authors describe some of the benefits of combining focus group discussions and individual interviews. Examples are given of a range of techniques that proved helpful.

Breaking the silence. Battered womens perspectives on medical care.

Abstract: Battered women make up a large proportion of patients in a variety of clinical settings. To examine issues common to women of different ethnic groups that influence identification and management of domestic violence a qualitative research was conducted in urban and suburban community-based organizations in San Francisco Bay California. Participants included 51 women with histories of domestic violence which comprised 8 focus groups. These focus groups were divided as follows: 2 groups of Latino (n = 14) 2 groups of White (n = 14) and 2 groups of African-American (n = 9) women. Findings revealed that many battered women experience social institutional and provider barriers in obtaining help from the health care system. Such barriers include threats of violence from the partner embarrassment and adherence to gender roles concerns about police involvement and lack of trust in the health care provider. However these barriers can be overcome if providers as well as institutions would understand the social context of domestic violence and the victims needs. Identification may be improved through a trusting patient-provider relationship and by direct questioning about domestic violence.

Breaking the silence. Battered women's perspectives on medical care.

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the barriers to identification and management of domestic violence from the battered women's perspective. DESIGN: Qualitative research methods using semistructured focus groups. SETTING: Urban and suburban community-based organizations serving women and their families in the San Francisco Bay (Calif) area. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-one women with histories of domestic violence comprised eight focus groups divided as follows: two groups of Latino (n=14), two groups of white (n=14), Asian (n=14), and two groups of African-American (n=9) women. RESULTS: Participants from all ethnic groups identified major factors that affect identification and management of battered women in the health care setting. Factors that interfere with patient disclosure included threats of violence from the partner, embarrassment, adherence to gender roles, concerns about police involvement and lack of trust in the health care provider. One factor that predisposed a woman to seek help from providers was a need for the providers to exhibit compassion, awareness, and respect for the patient's need to make the final decisions about her situation. Most participants said that providers should take the initiative to ask directly about domestic violence, establish a supportive patient-provider relationship, and refer battered women to available community resources. The major institutional barriers to using the health care system included the high cost of medical care and long waiting periods. CONCLUSIONS: Many battered women experience social, institutional, and provider barriers to obtaining help from the health care system for problems related to domestic violence. Providers as well as institutions can overcome these barriers through an understanding of the social context of domestic violence and the victim's needs. Identification may be improved through a trusting patient-provider relationship and by direct questioning about domestic violence. Language: en

Researching the Art of Teaching: Ethnography for Educational Use

Abstract: This book is a follow-up to Inside Schools. It reviews the position of ethnography in educational research in the light of current issues and of the author's own research over the past ten years. Starting from an analysis of teaching as science and as art, Peter Woods goes on to review the general interactionist framework in which his own work is situated, and how this relates to postmodernist trends in qualitative research. The approach is illustrated through reference to the author's own personal history and research career, and his recent research on creative teaching, critical events, and his teachers reactions to school inspections. How to represent such research is a central feature, and includes a consideration of the tools used in that task and how they relate to the ethnographer's self, whatever forms of representation are selected, however, the audiences' own concerns will guide them in their interpretation of the work.Prominent themes include:* the person of the ethnographer in research* the art of teaching and new ways of representing it, while not forgetting the science of teaching and of research* research for educational use, and the uses of educational research* collaborative work between researchers and teachersThe issues covered include such matters as research purposes, research design, research careers, access, data collection, data analysis, truth criteria, the relationship between theory and research methods, writing-up, and dissemination.

Children as Research Subjects: A Risky Enterprise.

Abstract: This paper is based on a qualitative research study, Children, Parents and Risk. This study looks at the ways in which risks to children are understood and managed by children and parents. The paper focuses on two areas of the research—gaining access and interviewing—in order to show how the research process itself has constituted an important source of data on childhood and risk.

One is the liveliest number: the case orientation of qualitative research.

Abstract: The epistemological thrust of qualitative research is case oriented. Regardless of qualitative methodology or sample size, qualitative research is quintessentially about understanding a particular in the all-together. Regardless of the kind of analytic technique employed, qualitative analysis are obliged, first and foremost, to make sense of individual cases. Looking at and through each case in a qualitative project is the basis from which researchers may make idiographic generalizations and move to cross-case comparisons to construct aggregations, syntheses, or interpretations of data from and faithful to individual cases.