Showing papers on "Resource management published in 1977"
TL;DR: A geographic information system is defined, some terms associated with geographical or spatial data are explained, and methods of organizing such data for flexible and efficient retrieval are discussed.
338 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1977
TL;DR: In this paper, the ICCROM has been used for the design and execution of archaeological studies under federal historical preservation and environmental legislation, including highway archaeology, dam flooding, and Salvage archaeology.
Abstract: Designing and executive archaeological studies under federal historical preservation and environmental legislation. Cultural resource management. Salvage archaeology. Environmental impact statement. Conflict of values. Highway archaeology, dam flooding. Survey sampling and predicting potential. Significance evaluation. Mitigation of damage. -- ICCROM
72 citations
TL;DR: Gradient modeling, a new approach to resource management and forest fire simulation, has been developed to meet the needs of managers of wilderness resources in Glacier National Park.
Abstract: Managers of wilderness resources must maintain, preserve, and sometimes restore pristine ecosystems while providing for public use and enjoyment of these areas. These managers require a resource information system that can store, retrieve and integrate basic data, synthesize components to solve particular problems, and provide simulations and predictions of natural processes and management actions. Traditional information systems based on land classification and type-mapping do not provide these capabilities. Gradient modeling, a new approach to resource management and forest fire simulation, has been developed to meet these needs in Glacier National Park. The method links four major components: (1) a terrestrial site inventory coded from aerial photographs that offers 10-m resolution; (2) gradient models of vegetation and fuel that derive quantitative stand compositional data from the parameters stored in the coded inventory; (3) a fuel moisture and microclimate model that extrapolates basestation weather data to remote sites using the parameters stored in the inventory; and (4) fire behavior and fire ecology models that integrate the data from the inventory and models to calculate real-time fire behavior and ecological succession following a fire.
67 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose a new type of program component, called a resource manager, to enable dynamic resource allocation in Concurrent Pascal, which can be accomplished both safely and efficiently.
Abstract: In Concurrent Pascal, the syntactic and semantic definition of the language prevents the inadvertent definition of a program that might violate the integrity of a shared data object. However, the language also does not allow the dynamic allocation of reusable resources among processes, and this restriction seems unnecessarily stingent. This paper proposes the addition to Concurrent Pascal of a new type of program component, to be called a resource manager. By this means, dynamic resource allocation can be accomplished both safely and efficiently. The notion that a process holds access rights to a resource is generalized to the notion that it holds capability rights, but the capability to atually make use of a resource is granted dynamically. The anonymity of dynamically allocatable resources is also guaranteed.
48 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a wider evaluation of the significance of archaeological resources rather than merely determining whether they are relevant to local problems is presented, and a quantitative analysis of sites may assist in the formulation of "categories of significance" as a basis for decisions about conservation of sites.
Abstract: CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT has become one of the most pressing archaeological problems of the 1970s. Indeed, most federal and state funding for archaeology goes into this aspect of the discipline. Michael Glassow has become deeply involved in cultural resource management in California archaeology. Here he argues for a wider evaluation of the significance of archaeological resources rather than merely determining whether they are relevant to local problems. Glassow demonstrates that these resources must now be evaluated in terms of how they are used to derive cultural information in archaeology as a whole. Glassow goes on to argue that quantitative analysis of sites may assist in the formulation of "categories of significance" as a basis for decisions about conservation of sites. This is a form of confrontation with archaeological data that can build on the foundation laid out by Albert Spaulding (1960) in his "Dimensions of Archaeology" paper. Glassow attempts some preliminary steps in this direction, using examples from California to support his arguments.
47 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1977
TL;DR: In this article, a computer-based experiment in the scheduling of multiactivity projects with limited resources was described, where the main interest lay in a comparison of the traditional sorting criteria used to allot priority to activities competing for resources inadequate to satisfy all the demands and criteria newly defined for this work.
Abstract: This paper describes a computer-based experiment in the scheduling of multiactivity projects with limited resources. The main interest lay in a comparison of the traditional sorting criteria used to allot priority to activities competing for resources inadequate to satisfy all the demands and criteria newly defined for this work. One aim was to isolate, if possible, a criterion equally as good as the Critical Path parameters usually employed and yet easier to compute in practice. A similar experiment was carried out by Pascoe but none of the criteria used satisfied the second condition. It was also possible to monitor the effects on the scheduling of network parameters such as shape and connectivity.
47 citations
Journal Article•
44 citations
01 Nov 1977
TL;DR: The introduction here of dataflow monitors and an explicit nondeterministic merge operator for dataflow streams makes dataflow very well suited for expressing interprocess communication and operations on resources.
Abstract: The work described in this paper began with a desire to include some linguistic concept of a resource manager within a dataflow language we have been designing [AGP76]. In doing so, we discovered that dataflow monitors (resource managers) provide a natural way of thinking about resources and especially their scheduling. Dataflow semantics are based upon a program composed of asynchronous operators interconnected by lines along which data tokens (messages) flow, such that when all of the input tokens for a given operator have arrived then that operator may fire (execute) by absorbing the input tokens, computing, and producing an output token as its result. These operations closely match one's intuitive model of resource managers (operators) passing signals (tokens) to one another for the purpose of synchronizing and scheduling resource usage. Previously though, dataflow languages [D73, K73, W75] have dealt only with the expression of highly asynchronous yet determinate computations; however, resource management characteristically involves indeterminate computation. The introduction here of dataflow monitors and an explicit nondeterministic merge operator for dataflow streams makes dataflow very well suited for expressing interprocess communication and operations on resources.
41 citations
TL;DR: The Cache Project as mentioned in this paper was founded on the principle that cultural resource management cannot attain its management goals without solid research effort; thus every contract project must obtain research results, and the Cache Project, an intensive survey undertaken by the Arkansas Archeological Survey in northeastern Arkansas, illustrates how management and research goals can be brought into harmony.
Abstract: Cultural resource management studies, which provide archaeological information for planning purposes, are currently burgeoning in American archaeology. A general approach is developed which aims at bringing such studies into conformity with legal requirements and the high standards of modern archaeological research. This approach is founded on the precept that cultural resource management cannot attain its management goals without solid research effort; thus every contract project must obtain research results. Discussions of the Cache Project, an intensive survey undertaken by the Arkansas Archeological Survey in northeastern Arkansas, illustrate how management and research goals can be brought into harmony. Major results of the Cache Project and research designs, as well as other recent progress in cultural resource management studies, are briefly reviewed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used discrete time models to allow for the seasonal discontinuity of resource management and explored the dynamics of resource stocks such as ocean fisheries, wildlife, groundwater, soil, and minerals.
Abstract: After analysis of the use of steady-state solutions to both static and dynamic production models, policy ramifications are related to optimal decision rules as they apply to natural resource allocations. Discrete time models are used to allow for the seasonal discontinuity of resource management. The dynamics of resource stocks, such as ocean fisheries, wildlife, groundwater, soil, and minerals, are explored empirically on the grounds that random variables exist, more information is available by indirect measurements, and decision variables need to be specified. Results from the model are applicable to the analysis of institutional arrangements, in particular pointing out the advantages of decentralizing research toward alternative institutions. Applications will also permit policy decisions on taxes, prices, and interest rates to be based on the impact these steps will have on market equilibrium. 20 references. (DCK)
01 May 1977
TL;DR: In this paper, the model specifies annual accessions plus minimum allocations to formal and on-the-job training needed to maintain future inventories within specified limits of manpower requirements, and plans are derived simultaneously for many skill categories over several years.
Abstract: : The model specifies annual accessions plus minimum allocations to formal and on-the-job training needed to maintain future inventories within specified limits of manpower requirements. Plans are derived simultaneously for many skill categories over several years. Restrictions are imposed on the size of annual inventories, flows between skill categories and smoothness of flows into formal training. Experience levels within skill category are explicitly accounted for by allowing specification of up to 3 length-of-service groups. The methodology is linear programming, which can be extended to stochastic programming to account for uncertainty in projections of future requirements. Plans derived using actual Navy data are presented. (Author)
Book•
01 Jan 1977
TL;DR: A charge-out system is most likely to be successful when it is based on an understanding of the purposes underlying charging and the requirements for it to be effective, and this monograph is intended to contribute to such an understanding.
Abstract: : Charging internally for the use of computer facilities is now a common organizational practice. A charge-out policy can play a major role in promoting effective and efficient utilization of computing resources. In practice, charging all too often fails to have a significant beneficial impact, and indeed can be a source of tensions and user dissatisfaction. A charge-out system is most likely to be successful when it is based on an understanding of the purposes underlying charging and the requirements for it to be effective. This monograph is intended to contribute to such an understanding. (Author)
TL;DR: The goal of water resources planning and management is to utilize water related resources for national economic gain, regional development, enhance the environment, and provide social betterment as discussed by the authors. Nevertheless, it must be recognized that because of great demands the resources, including dollars must be carefully husbanded.
Abstract: The goal of water resources planning and management is to utilize water related resources for national economic gain, regional development, enhance the environment, and provide social betterment. Nevertheless, it must be recognized that because of great demands the resources, including dollars must be carefully husbanded. Only those projects or programs clearly fitting a national long-range plan should be inplemented with Federal funds. A system of priority selection is needed to assure that only those projects having high justification will be placed in the budget cycle for implementation. Water resources planners must develop new techniques to shorten the time required to plan and foreset priorities. They must improve reporting methods and present all relevant factors. By so doing they will be playing a more decisive role in the decision-making process.
Proceedings Article•
01 Jan 1977
TL;DR: A mathematical model for the optimal dynamic management of regional ground-water supply resources is presented in this paper, which is based upon a Galerkin finite element formulation of flow in heterogeneous anisotropic porous media, allowing management decisions to be made regarding: (1) the possible well development sites within the ground water basin; and (2) the optimal pumping rates needed to meet an exogenous water demand in each planning period.
Abstract: A mathematical model for the optimal dynamic management of regional ground-water supply resources is presented. The mathematical model, predicated upon a Galerkin finite element formulation of flow in heterogeneous anisotropic porous media, allows management decisions to be made regarding: (1)The possible well development sites within the ground-water basin; and (2)the optimal pumping rates needed to meet an exogenous water demand in each planning period. The planning model minimizes the total discounted operational costs over the planning horizon. The management problem, structured as a problem in optimal control, is solved using Tui's concave programming algorithm. Results indicate the effectiveness of the model for the planning and development of ground-water resources.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a conceptual framework within which water resource methodology and practice has been carried out, which is called the transformation geometry (TG) and is a combination of and interaction between these geometries.
Abstract: Water provides the geographer with an ideal link between the natural environment and man-made systems. As a consequence water resource studies have frequently provided an important theme in geographical works (Chorley, i g6g) . However, geography is only one of many disciplines contributing to the water resources debate as can be seen from a perusal of the contents of the papers presented at the recent United Nations Water Conference (United Nations, 1977). A preoccupation of many writers (e.g. Biswas, ig76) over the last few years has been the conceptual framework within which water resource methodology and practice has been carried out. Burke and Heaney (tg75) stress that water resource systems are synergistic and complex. From this they reason that the normal analytical approach of reasoning from the part to the whole is inapplicable and that what is needed instead is a methodology involving reasoning from the whole to the part. Expressing a similar theme Wiener (1977) has identified four basic geometries applicable to water resource planning, three of which-the water resources geometry, the water requirements geometry and the pollution geometry-are relatively easy to quantify. The fourth, however, which deals with the socio-economic-political factors of the planning space, is not. This is termed the transformation geometry. In modern societies where pressures on water resources are intense, Wiener envisages a combination of and interaction between these geometries as reflecting the planning space in which the decision-making process must operate. Focusing on the actual approaches to water resource planning White (1969), in his analysis of American water management, identified six strategies dependent upon the objective of a project, the physical means of its execution and the administrative structure governing it. He pointed out that in terms of the perception of the United States public, one strategy-namely multiple purpose construction by public managers-is now viewed as the norm. The reasons
TL;DR: A model of multiprocessor, multiprogrammed virtual memory computing systems is described which can provide predictions more economically than previous approaches and can be used to characterization of a Burroughs B6700 system processing a controlled workload.
Abstract: A need exists to predict computing system performance as a function of the system workload, resource architecture, and resource management policies. A model of multiprocessor, multiprogrammed virtual memory computing systems is described which can provide such predictions more economically than previous approaches. The model characterizes central processors, I/O devices, a memory hierarchy, permanent files, channels, and the organization of these resources. The dynamic resource demands made by user and system software are modeled using directed graphs. An extremely simple characterization of a Burroughs B6700 system processing a controlled workload is defined using this model. The correspondence between utilization produced by model simulations and actual B6700 measurements demonstrates the model's potential value.
TL;DR: In this paper, a definition of real or opportunity costs in resource extraction as compared to money costs, some economics of secondary materials and recycling; energy resources; and a demonstration of the effect of exponential growth in resource use on the time to resource exhaustion.
TL;DR: The United Nations Law of the Sea Conference (UNCLOS) has been a venue for ocean resource politics for decades as discussed by the authors, with a strong north-south ideological split pervading the negotiations and a recognition of the interdependence between north and south in resource exploitation.
Abstract: Technological development is allowing ocean resource exploitation to advance at an unprecedented scale and pace. Recent sessions of the United Nations Law of the Sea Conference (UNCLOS), however, have demonstrated that disputes over how ocean resources should be exploited, and on whose behalf, have accompanied this technological development. Ocean resource politics practiced at UNCLOS manifests four major themes common to resource politics in general: (1) a movement toward exercising greater control over NGOs; (2) a strong north-south ideological split pervading the negotiations; (3) the difficulties in aggregating interests around the north-south axis; (4) a recognition of the interdependence between north and south in resource exploitation. Efforts to promote a global management approach to the negotiations have been unsuccessful, since national leaders lack a common conceptual framework with which to assess ocean resource management.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reviewed the availability, development and use of water resources in Scotland, focusing on the consequences of recent deficiencies in rainfall and the changing priorities which have influenced water management strategies through time.
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to review the availability, development and use of water resources in Scotland. Particular attention is paid to the consequences of recent deficiencies in rainfall and to the changing priorities which have influenced water management strategies through time. The need for a new approach to meet future requirements is outlined.
TL;DR: In this article, an improved computational tool has been developed that is capable of determining near-optimal operating strategies for nuclear utility needs in generation planning, in an effort to provide a basis for satisfying nuclear utilities' needs.
Abstract: In an effort to provide a basis for satisfying nuclear utility needs in generation planning, an improved computational tool has been developed that is capable of determining near-optimal operating