Showing papers on "Rivalry published in 1995"

Rivalry and the Industry Model of Scottish Knitwear Producers

Abstract: The authors thank all of the managers who gave freely of their time in helping to complete this study. Ian Watson was particularly helpful. Thanks also go to Peter Grinyer of St. Andrews Management Institute, Roy Payne, Tony Berry, Pam Lewis, and to Manchester Business School. This research was partially funded by an Economic and Social Research Council grant to the Manchester Business School and by a grant from the Hewlitt Foundation to the first author. In this paper we argue that market boundaries are socially constructed around a collective cognitive model that summarizes typical organizational forms within an industry. This model is produced when firms observe each other's actions and define unique product positions in relation to each other. Our study examines the question of how firms define a reference group of rivals when market cues are ambiguous and interorganizational variety is high and identifies the industry model underlying rivalry among Scottish knitwear producers. The data suggest that a six-category model of organizational forms best describes the common sense of competition in the industry and that an ensemble of attributes involving size, technology, product style, and geographic location forms the foundation for this ordering. The results also show how this industry model is reproduced within the rivalry network structuring imperfect competition in the industry.'

Concepts of Competition

Abstract: In this lecture, the author addresses the question: in what ways can competition promote economic efficiency? Following some introductory remarks, he begins by distinguishing different concepts of economic competition and relating them to the broad notion of competition as rivalry between individuals for something that cannot be obtained by all. Next, he discusses the historical development of concepts of competition, especially that of "perfect competition", which focuses on Smith, Cournot and Edgeworth. The main part of the lecture discusses ways in which competition affects efficiency via incentives, selection and innovation. The lecture concludes with some remarks on implications for the analysis of competition policy.

Product Rivalry with multiple Strategic weapons: an Analysis of price and advertising Competition

Abstract: A dynamic model of product rivalry is developed for a market in which firms choose price and advertising intensity. The model, a state-space game, is implemented using data that consist of weekly price, sales, and promotional activity for four brands of saltine crackers sold by four chains of grocery stores in a small town. A number of questions can be asked of this data. First, is advertising predatory (merely changing market shares) or cooperative (shifting out market demand)? Second, are price and advertising own and cross-strategic complements or substitutes? And finally, do investments in stocks of goodwill and in price reductions make firms tough and aggressive or soft and accommodating?

Dialectical functionalism: stagnation as a booster of European integration

Abstract: Theories of integration fail to explain the stop-and-go nature of European integration. This failures stems from their one-sided attention to either the member states or the institutions of the European Union (EU). The process of integration is best described as one of action and reaction, involving the institutions of the EU, member states, and interest groups. Governments respond to European integration in one policy area by intervening more in adjacent areas, thus inducing policy competition between national states. When their rivalry becomes counterproductive, member states will be motivated to take new steps toward further integration. This interpretation explains the stop-and-go rhythm of European integration and results in a new theoretical framework termed ‘dialectical functionalism.’

National targeting policies, high‐technology industries, and excessive competition

Abstract: This paper explores some fundamental changes in market dynamics that are unfolding in the new competitive landscape as a result of aggressive industrial intervention by nation'states. The thesis is that national targeting policies are likely, under identifiable conditions, to cause rivalry in high-technology industries to become excessively competitive, strictly defined in terms of producer welfare. The paper analyzes why this is likely to occur in high-technology sectors rather than in other types of industries, and how excessive competition is likely to be manifested in specific dimensions of competitive rivalry. The paper also discusses research opportunities for further development of a theory of the political economy of excessive competition and for strategy scholars to make new contributions to trade policy debates.

What Makes Deterrence Work?: Lessons from the Egyptian-Israeli Enduring Rivalry

Abstract: (1995). What Makes Deterrence Work?: Lessons from the Egyptian-Israeli Enduring Rivalry. Security Studies: Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 851-910.

Arms and Aggression in the Middle East: Overt Military Interventions, 1948-1991

Abstract: The authors' understanding of the relationship between the cold war and enduring rivalry in the Third World has been hampered by a tendency to view international conflicts as relatively isolated ph...

China-India Relations in the Post-Soviet Era: The Continuing Rivalry

Abstract: In September 1993, China and India signed an agreement “to maintain peace and tranquillity” along their disputed Himalayan border. This agreement between the two Asian giants – which required both sides to respect the Line of Actual Control (LAC), that is to maintain the status quo pending a peaceful, final boundary settlement and to reduce military forces along the border in accordance with the principle of “mutual and equal security” – has been described as a “landmark agreement” and “a significant step forward” in their uneasy relations since the 1950s. It was a logical culmination of a series of developments since the late 1980s, especially the visit of India's Premier to Beijing in 1988 and the reciprocal visit of China's Premier to New Delhi in 1991; the end of the Cold War and the bipolar system following the Soviet collapse; the consequent dramatic changes in the global strategic environment; and the overall improvement in bilateral relations between China and India.However, the fact that Sino-Indian relations today seem to be better than at any time during the last four decades should not lead one to assume that all the hurdles in the relationship have been overcome. This article examines the factors underlying the current detente, and analyses Indian and Chinese perspectives on their bilateral relations as well as the wider post-Cold War Asian security environment. It concludes that a thaw in Sino-Indian relations notwithstanding, the two sides are poised for rivalry for regional dominance and influence in the multipolar world of the 21st century.

The Next World War: World-System Cycles and Trends

Abstract: This essay places the contemporary period of global development in long-run historical perspective, elaborates a model of world-system cycles and trends, and discusses the main structural forces influencing the probability of future war among core powers. The possible continuation of the cycle of hegemonic rivalry is discussed in terms of the similarities and differences between the coming three decades and earlier periods in which a declining hegemon was challenged by upwardly mobile states. Possible bids for economic and political hegemony by Japan, Germany, China and the United States are discussed, as are the possibilities for different coalitions in East Asia and Europe. The phenomenon of bloc formation is discussed in a long-term perspective that includes earlier periods of colonial empire and "commonwealth." We conclude that there is a significantly high probability that warfare among core states could occur in the 2020s. The prospects for global state formation within the next three decades are considered. We recommend a combination of the build-up of U.N. peace-keeping forces and the continuation of U.S. military strength as the least worst and most feasible solution to the problem of avoiding nuclear holocaust in the 2020s.

Diversity of Network Prime-Time Program Formats During the 1980s

Abstract: This study examines trends in prime-time network program diversity, factoring in viewing share trends, competition from new video media, and the assumptions of internetwork rivalry. Findings suggest that, even in the competitive video marketplace of the 1980s, shifts in program diversity were rather limited. The imposing specter of new media competition, then, has not forced the networks to fundamentally alter their programming "game plan."

Taking “enduring” out of enduring rivalry: The rivalry approach to war and peace

Abstract: Enduring rivalries form the most conflict‐prone dyads in the international system, but they are only the extreme case of rivalry; rivalries can be short‐lived as well as enduring. Rivalries are not merely a new topic of research—an extension of the logic behind studying “dangerous dyads"—nor are they merely a useful research tool and case selection device. Part of what has hindered a clear understanding of the wide‐ranging ramifications of the rivalry concept comes from the focus on enduring rivalries. We show that much can be gained by taking “enduring” out of enduring rivalries—resulting in what we term the “rivalry approach” to war and peace. There are three general ways in which the rivalry approach focuses attention on issues normally beyond the horizon of the traditional international conflict literature, or what might generically be labeled the causes of war approach: changing the unit of analysis from war to rivalry, adopting a longitudinal and dynamic approach, and putting rivalry context as part...

How to Talk So Kids Can Learn-- At Home and in School

Abstract: From America's leading experts on parent-child communication, authors of "How To Talk So Kids Will Listen Listen So Kids Will Talk" and "Siblings Without Rivalry," comes abreakthrough guide telling parents and techers how to handle one of the burning issues of our day: how to motivate kids to succeed in school at a time when schools are rife with violence and many students are openly rebellious. Teaming up with two award-winning teachers who well know the problems of our faltering school system, Faber and Mazlish adapt their unique, time-tested communication strategies to the specific concerns of the classroom. Once aagin utilizing the dramatically effective "dialogue" technique (what to say and how and when to say it) that has made their work famous worldwide, they illustrate how to use this method to help kids handle the schoolwork and behavioral and peer problems that interfere with the learning process.

Imperfect Competition and Anglo- German Trade Rivalry: Markets for Cotton Textiles before 1914

Abstract: This article reappraises export performance on international markets before World War I by examinnig the case of cotton textiles. The German industry expanded its market share from the 1850s to 1914 despite remaining a high-cost industry relative to Great Britain. Evidence from contemporary accounts and analysis of trade data from 1913 suggests that German success arose in part from the importance of monopolistic competition in export markets for finished cloth. Germany’s relative wealth, geographic position, and perhaps the intensive marketing efforts of its industry may have enabled it to counter the cost advantage of its British rival.Their heads are still gay with crimson kerchiefs, but those kerchiefs do not come from Manchester.—E. E. Williams

Nested rivalries: Superpower competition, arms transfers, and regional conflict, 1950–1990

Abstract: Interstate rivalries in the Third World cannot be fully understood apart from the global context in which they evolve and endure. This study examines the link between the superpowers’ Cold War competition and regional rivalry by focusing specifically on arms‐transfer relationships. Poisson regression analysis highlights the interrelationships between superpower competition, arms transfers, and regional rivalry in the Middle East, Persian Gulf, South Asia, and the Horn of Africa from 1950 to 1990. Many of the observed patterns are consistent with a realist explanation of interstate alignment and conflict, but a more holistic theory is required to detail the mechanisms by which Third World rivalries are nested in great power competition.

Asymmetric Regulation and Incentives for Innovation

Abstract: Under asymmetric regulation, different firms in the same industry are subjected to different levels of regulatory restraint We analyze the nature of innovation rivalry in such an industry, emphasizing that a rival may be able to inexpensively imitate an innovator's successful new technology Although asymmetric regulation may slow the industry-wide pace of innovation, it does not necessarily do so In fact, by weakening incentive to imitate, regulation may make an unregulated entrant's innovation profitable, thereby accelerating innovation Conversely, giving the regulated firm incentives may backfire by producing either excessive or insufficient innovation; these negative outcomes are more likely the greater the cost-reducing potential offered by the new technology Copyright 1995 by Oxford University Press

Armed Incidents and Unpaid Bills: Anglo—Dutch Rivalry in the Banda Islands in the Seventeenth Century

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to shed light on an aspect of seventeenth century Anglo-Dutch relations that has hitherto been virtually neglected: the rivalry over the Banda Islands. I will point out how economic antagonism between England and the Dutch Republic, a topic that as a rule is mainly regarded in a European context, also erupted in the East-Indian sphere of expansion, even in remote areas such as Banda. Unlike in Europe, in Asia conflicting economic interests immediately and repeatedly resulted in open violence. This was stopped in 1619 by a treaty of cooperation that paradoxically enabled the Dutch to establish themselves even more firmly in these islands, and in the Indonesian Archipelago as a whole, in a way detrimental to the English.

Ethnic conflict and development : the case of Fiji

Abstract: This book examines the link between ethnic conflict and development. It provides a detailed background to the evolution of the communal strife in Fiji, showing in particular the role of ethnic entrepreneurs and out bidders instigating latent ethnic fears for political purposes. The work argues that the introduction of democratic politics in multi-ethnic states requires special institutions which do not cultivate zero-sum rivalry over control of the state and its resources. In Fiji open ethnic competition led to the seizure of power by one ethnic group over the other. An ethnically-inspired military government oversaw the infringement of basic human rights and the enthronement of a new apartheid regime in the international system. This book describes the political, social, psychological, and economic impact of communal conflict in multi-ethnic states as illustrated by the case of Fiji.

The Role of Attention in Binocular Rivalry as Revealed through Optokinetic Nystagmus

Abstract: When stimuli presented to the two eyes differ considerably, stable binocular fusion fails, and the subjective percept alternates between the two monocular images, a phenomenon known as binocular rivalry. The influence of attention over this perceptual switching has long been studied, and although there is evidence that attention can affect the alternation rate, its role in the overall dynamics of the rivalry process remains unclear. The present study investigated the relationship between the attention paid to the rivalry stimulus, and the dynamics of the perceptual alternations. Specifically, the temporal course of binocular rivalry was studied as the subjects performed difficult nonvisual and visual concurrent tasks, directing their attention away from the rivalry stimulus. Periods of complete perceptual dominance were compared for the attended condition, where the subjects reported perceptual changes, and the unattended condition, where one of the simultaneous tasks was performed. During both the attended and unattended conditions, phases of rivalry dominance were obtained by analyzing the subject''s optokinetic nystagmus recorded by an electrooculogram, where the polarity of the nystagmus served as an objective indicator of the perceived direction of motion. In all cases, the presence of a difficult concurrent task had little or no effect on the statistics of the alternations, as judged by two classic tests of rivalry, although the overall alternation rate showed a small but significant increase with the concurrent task. It is concluded that the statistical patterns of rivalry alternations are not governed by attentional shifts or decision-making on the part of the subject.

The Literary Context of Geoffrey of Monmouth: An Essay on the Fabrication of Sources

Abstract: Geoffrey of Monmouth's various dedications of the HRB and his remarks at the end of the book issued from literary rivalry with William of Malmesbury, Henry of Huntington, and Caradog of Llancarfan. Geoffrey's appeal to a secret source became a model for subsequent authors and translators.

Citizens of Heaven: Philippians 3.2–21

Abstract: The identity of Paul's opponents in Philippi continues to elude historical illumination. It is usually assumed that the persons referred to in Phil 1.15–17, who ‘preach Christ from envy and rivalry’ (v. 15) and attempt to afflict Paul in his imprisonment (v. 17), are with Paul in Ephesus (or wherever Paul is thought to be imprisoned). Attempts to discern the identity of the opponents in Philippi, therefore, usually focus on the teachings in 3.2–21. Most attention is given to the warnings against ‘dogs’, ‘workers of evil’, and ‘mutilation of the flesh’ in 3.2, and against ‘enemies of the cross’ in 3.18–19, which seem to represent direct evidence for at least the presence of opponents. These warnings are followed by affirmations (3.3–16 and 20–1) which are assumed to distinguish Paul's own understanding of Christian existence from that of his opponents, and thus to reflect the views of the opponents in ‘indirect’ ways. This evidence, however, has been worked over again and again with no consensus regarding the identity of the supposed opponents.

Another mythology for local development? Selling places with packaging techniques: A view from the Spanish experience on city Strategic planning

Abstract: Since their origin, cities have been trading and somehow competing with each other. From the commerce of the East Mediterranean to Mesopotamia, through and within the Anatolia peninsula to the Indus Valley and the Yellow River. Greek city states made a substantial shift in city autonomy that marked their role thereafter. City rivalry arose again and was noticeable by the eleventh century, first through the development of Mediterranean sea ports and thereafter by inland and continental crossroads, whose strength lasted for centuries during medieval times, where strategic points in commercial axes became large urban settlements. The birth of the modern state forced them to lose their political notoriety but not their economic importance, mainly due to the fact that the dominant economic system, commercial and then industrial and financial capitalism, used the cities as their economic base and image of the new social system. Moreover, rapid changes in the social division of labour were taking place ...

Rational Deterrence Theory Revisited: A Progress Report

Abstract: Progress in the debate over rational deterrence has always depended on the ability of scholars to identify a body of evidence that would be appropriate for testing a wide range of propositions derived from the theory. Notwithstanding the tremendous amount of time and energy spent on producing a suitable list of cases, and several noteworthy surveys of the literature, cumulative knowledge about deterrence, both as a theory and as a strategy, remains elusive. It still is unclear whether decision makers have acted according to the logic derived from standard applications of the theory. Moreover, the most prominent testing strategy, originally designed by Paul Huth and Bruce Russett, and later criticized and revised by Richard Ned Lebow and Janice Gross Stein, continues to be plagued by ongoing disputes over methods and case listings. Although debates over the accuracy of historical accounts are constructive, lingering divisions over coding of deterrence successes and failures have become counterproductive, primarily because each side has produced evidence to support their interpretation of events. Very little effort, by comparison, has been directed towards (a) developing alternative testing strategies that lie outside the success/failure framework, or (b) looking at a wider range of propositions derived from the theory. This analysis attempts the task, analyzing in the aggregate 28 cases of superpower rivalry.

Syria and Iran : rivalry and cooperation

Abstract: The roots of Syrian-Iranian relations the development of Syrian-Iranian relations aspects of rivalry and co-operation the peace process Syria, Iran and inter-Arab politics future outlook.

The International Center for Research on the Management of Technology

Abstract: A firm's proximate environment, defined as its factor conditions, demand conditions, suppliers,related and supporting industries; and firms' strategy, structure and rivalry can constitute a sourceof national or regional competitive advantage. How do supportive proximate environments comeabout, and how can they be lost? What are their origins and migration paths? In this paper weargue that a firm's proximate environment is a function of the process of technological evolution. Itis a function of how initial and prevailing conditions, together with chance events, influence theprocesses of uncertainty resolution, capabilities building and survivor selection that arecharacteristic of technological evolution. We also argue that a region can lose its advantage when adominant design emerges or when a technological discontinuity makes obsolete the localizedtechnological capabilities of not only manufacturers, but also of their suppliers, customers andrelated industries.. The environment is not static, but dynamic, as firms and nations, in response totheir performances, also influence it by changing their strategies or altering some of the initialconditions. In addition to discussing these questions implications for strategy and policy makersare outlined.

Future Hegemonic Rivalry Between China and the West

Abstract: Currently there is a unipolar distribution of power. The United States reigns supreme. Russia's economic power will remain insufficient to underwrite a renewed attempt to establish global leadership. While the European Community still commands sufficient resources for exercising global leadership, it lacks the political foundation for unitary action. Moreover, the European addiction to the welfare state undermines European competitiveness. Japan is too much of a "trading state" and unlikely to become a first-rate military power, before she is overtaken by China in economic size. So, count Russia, Europe and Japan out as conceivable challengers to United States hegemony. China is the only plausible candidate. Its economic growth rate is nothing less than spectacular. Moreover, the Chinese government seems capable of extracting the necessary resources for waging a hegemonic rivalry from a society that is likely to remain quite poor for at least another generation. There are a number of conceivable scenarios for the emerging American-Chinese relationship. The future will depend on the relative speed of the American decline and the rise of China as well as on the openness of the global economy. The more open the global economy, the better the prospects for rising per capita incomes in China become, the better the prospects for some mellowing or even democratization of the Chinese regime. Only if the West sticks together under American leadership and if creeping capitalism in China leads to creeping democratization later, is hegemonic rivalry likely to remain benign and peaceful.

U.S. and Soviet Policies towards France’s Struggle with Anticolonial Nationalism in North Africa

Abstract: The decolonization of the Maghreb (Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia) confronted the United States and the Soviet Union with challenging and similar dilemmas. The process of decolonization took place at the peak of the Cold War, a time of high tension in many places around the globe. The two superpowers' difficulties stemmed from the challenge not only of calculating how best to preserve their vital interests in the region and maintain their good relationship with France, the colonial power, but also of reconciling this need with winning over the colonial peoples seeking independence from France, thus preventing them from joining the rival's bloc. Whereas decolonization of Morocco and Tunisia caused minimal tension between France and the two superpowers due to the less bloody features of the process, the moderation of the nationalist leaders, and the nature of the colonial status of these two protectorates, the war of liberation (1954-62) in Algeria - a country "legally" part of France - presented a much more complex predicament. This study analyses the roles played by the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. in the decolonization of the Maghreb countries. Its working hypothesis is that both superpowers pursued similar policies aimed at reconciling contradictory objectives to safeguard their own strategic, political, and economic interests. Owing to the importance they accorded to their respective relationships with France, they sought to appease the colonial power while simultaneously trying to gain the friendship of the nationalist movements opposed to it. In this context, the primary consideration of the two superpowers was not to hasten the independence of the Maghrebi countries, but, in fact, at least until the late 1950s to delay it because of the uncertainty and power vacuum this would create, and in the case of the U.S. to guide it within a western context. The main goal for both superpowers was to pursue policies which would avoid alienating either of the protagonists, thus securing the objectives each had set for itself and to defeat the other in the zero-sum context of the East-West confrontation. Furthermore, in their rivalry to win over the "hearts and minds" of the Algerian nationalists and, by extension those of other emerging nations, the Soviets were more effective because of their opportunistic approach which consisted of providing considerable support to the Algerian nationalists once convinced that the independence of Algeria was inevitable. Although holding the same conviction regarding the inevitability of the outcome, the U.S., due mostly to the importance of France in the western alliance, coupled with hesitations within the American bureaucracy as to the attitude to be adopted towards anticolonialist movements, continued to support its NATO ally, thus failing to demonstrate authentic empathy for the aspirations of the nationalists. The most immediate consequential outcomes of such an ambivalent policy were continued misperceptions in U.S.-Algerian relations until the mid-1980s and America's failure to bring Algeria within the western camp, one of U.S. proclaimed objectives throughout the 1950s and early 1960s. I Paradoxically, perhaps, both the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. saw the Maghreb as an integral part of France's undisputed colonial empire. The Soviets' attitude towards the evolution of the situation in the Maghreb was contingent upon France's standing in the international system. Further, their information regarding the region was furnished by the French Communist Party (P.C.F.), whose perspectives on the colonies were practically identical to those of the French government, that is, that the Maghreb countries must remain in the French union. The acceleration and increasing strength of Maghrebi nationalism and the turmoil which characterized the North African colonies after World War II made little impression on Joseph Stalin, who, unlike his successors in the 1950s, and despite the geopolitical aptitude attributed to him, failed to perceive the Maghreb as an extension of the Middle East, the Moslem world, or even the Mediterranean. …