Showing papers on "Sativum published in 1999"

Relationships between shoot to root ratio, growth and leaf soluble protein concentration of Pisum sativum, Phaseolus vulgaris and Triticum aestivum under different nutrient deficiencies

Abstract: Relations between shoot to root dry weight ratio (S : R), total plant dry weight (DW), shoot and plant N concentration and leaf soluble protein concentration were examined for pea (Pisum sativum L.), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under different nutrient deficiencies. A regression model incorporating leaf soluble protein concentration and plant DW could explain greater than 80% of the variation in S : R within and between treatments for pea supplied different concentrations of NO 3 - or NH 4 + in solid substrate; pea and bean supplied different concentrations of N, P, K and Mg in liquid culture; and wheat supplied different concentrations of N, P, K, Mg, Ca and S in liquid culture. Addition of shoot or plant N concentration to the model explained little more of the variation in S : R. It is concluded that results are consistent with the proposal that macronutrient effects on S : R are primarily mediated through their effects on protein synthesis and growth.

Factors affecting soil acidification under legumes. III. Acid production by N2-fixing legumes as influenced by nitrate supply

Abstract: Leaching of nitrate through soil profiles is a major cause of soil acidification. Legume species differ in their ability to take up nitrate (NO3−) and in the degree to which soil NO3− impairs legume nodulation and N2 fixation. This pot experiment examined species variation in N2 fixation and acid production in grain legumes grown for 6 wk on a sandy soil with Ca(NO3)2 added at 0–56.7 mg N kg−1 soil. The eight legumes studied were Lupinus angustifolius (‘Gungurru’), Lupinus albus (‘Kiev mutant’), Lupinus luteus (‘Teo’), Cicer arietinum (Selection T1587), Pisum sativum (‘Dundale’ and ‘Wirrega’), Vicia faba (‘Fiord’) and Lathyrus sativus (Selection 453). While number of nodules was not significantly affected by treatment with NO3−, increasing supply of NO3− decreased nodule mass, with P. sativum‘Wirrega’ being most sensitive and C. arientinum and V. faba least sensitive. The concentrations of nitrogen in plants generally decreased as the supply of NO3− increased. Increasing supply of NO3− decreased the percentage of N2 fixation, most significantly in L. sativus and least in L. albus. In the absence of added NO3−, the amounts of H+ produced per unit biomass (specific acid production) differed by as much as 2.2-fold among the species, with C. arientinum generating most H+, followed by L. angustifolius, L. luteus, L. albus, V. faba, L. sativus, P. sativum‘Dundale’ and P. sativum‘Wirrega’. This species variation was even greater at higher NO3− supply. In the presence of NO3− at up to 14.2 mg N kg−1, acid production by these legumes correlated well with uptake of excess cations but not with the concentration of nitrogen in plants. For all species, release of H+ declined with increasing supply of NO3−, decreasing most in L. sativus and least in C. arientinum. The results suggest that there might be scope for selecting grain legume species in order to minimize soil acidification by decreasing leaching of NO3−.

Coriandrum sativum changes the levels of lipid peroxides and activity of antioxidant enzymes in experimental animals.

Abstract: The antiperoxidative effect of coriander seeds (Coriandrum sativum) was studied in rats administered high fat diet Significant decrease in the levels of lipid peroxides, free fatty acids and glutathione was observed when compared to control group whereas the activity of antioxidant enzymes showed increase

Carbon Costs Associated with N2 Fixation in Vicia faba L and Pisum sativum 1. over a 14-Day Period

Abstract: Long-term (14 days) carbon costs of N2 fixation were studied in pot trials. For this purpose the CO2 release from the root space of nodulated and non-nodulated (urea nourished) Vicia faba L. and Pisum sativum L. plants was compared and related to the amount of fixed or assimilated N. Additional measurements of shoot CO2 exchange and dry matter increment were carried out in order to calculate the overall carbon balance. The carbon costs for N2 fixation in Vicia faba 1. (2.87 mg C/mg NfiX) were higher than in Pisum sativum L. (2.03 mg C/mg Nfix). However, the better carbon efficiency in Pisum sativum 1. did not lead to a better growth performance compared to Vicia faba L. Vicia faba L. compensated for the carbon and energy expenditure by more intensive photosynthesis in the N2-fixing treatment. This was not the case with Pisum sativum L., where the carbon balance indicates that the carbon costs of N2 fixation restricted root growth. It is proposed that low carbon costs for N2 fixation indicate an adaptation to a critical carbon supply of roots and nodules, e.g., during the pod-filling of grain legumes.

Effects of sulphur nutrition on growth and nitrogen fixation of pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Abstract: A S-deficient soil was used in pot experiments to investigate the effects of S addition on growth and N2-fixation in pea (Pisum sativum L.). Addition of 100 mg S pot−1 increased seed yield by more than 2-fold. Numbers of pods formed were the most sensitive yield component affected by S deficiency. Sulphur addition also increased the concentration of N in leaves and stems, and the total content of N in the shoots. The amounts of N fixed by pea were determined at four growth stages from stem elongation to maturity, using the 15N dilution technique. Sulphur addition doubled the amount of N fixed at all growth stages. In contrast, leaf chlorophyll content and shoot dry weight were increased significantly by S addition only after the flowering and pod fill stage, respectively. Pea roots were found to have high concentrations of S, reaching approximately 10 mg g−1 dry weight and being 2.6–4.4 times the S concentration in the shoots under S-sufficient conditions. These results suggest that roots/nodules of pea have a high demand for S, and that N2-fixation is very sensitive to S deficiency. The effects of S deficiency on pea growth were likely to be caused by the shortage of N, due to decreased N2-fixation.

Evaluation of the aluminium-induced root growth inhibition in isolation from low pH effects in Glycine max, Pisum sativum and Phaseolus vulgaris

Abstract: The interaction between proton and aluminium toxicities was examined in soybean (Glycine max L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Accurate characterization of genotype Al-sensitivity in solution culture experiments, employing a continuous Al-exposure, required response definition at both growth-enhancing and growth inhibiting activities. Essentially, this involved multiple controls to account for the interactive effects. Experiments measuring growth during a recovery period in Al-free solution were more successful in distinguishing genotypic response to Al, especially in species demonstrating high H+ -sensitivity. The time, concentration and basal solution dependencies of the characteristic genotype response for the three species examined were consistent with the hypothesis that responses of genotypes may be predicated upon conditions emphasizing irreversible (cell division) effects. Cell extension effects, however, appear to be rapid, largely-reversible and often not different between differentially Al-sensitive genotypes growing in a complete nutrient solution.

Crop husbandry at Miri Qalat Makran, SW Pakistan (4000–2000 B.C.)

Abstract: Large scale sampling for plant remains at Miri Qalat indicates that agriculture based on naked wheat and naked and hulled barley was practised between the 4th and the 2nd millennia B.C. Other cultivated plants identified areLens culinaris (lentil),Pisum sativum (pea),Linum usitatissimum (flax),Vilis vinifera (grape) andCoriandrum salivum (coriander). The only summer crop,Sesamum indicum (sesame), appears during the second half of the 3rd millennium. Gathered edible fruits includeCordia, Grewia andNannorrhops ritchieana.Phoenix dactylifera (dates) may also have been gathered rather than cultivated.

Comparative differential RNA display analysis of arbuscular mycorrhiza in Pisum sativum wild type and a mutant defective in late stage development.

Abstract: In order to analyse gene expression associated with the late stages of arbuscular mycorrhizal development between Pisum sativum and Glomus mosseae, comparative differential RNA display was carried out using wild-type P. sativum and a mutant, RisNod24, where the fungal partner is not able to form functional arbuscules. Comparison of RNA accumulation patterns between controls, G. mosseae-colonized mutant and wild-type roots resulted in the identification of four differentially occurring cDNA fragments. One of the corresponding genes was from the fungus and three of plant origin. One plant gene, Psam4 (P. sativum arbuscular mycorrhiza-regulated), was analysed in more detail. Sequencing of a cDNA clone showed that Psam4 encodes a proline-rich protein. Northern blot analysis and quantitative RT-PCR revealed a higher basal level of Psam4 RNA accumulation in the mutant compared to the wild type. In both pea genotypes, RNA accumulation was reduced after inoculation with mycorrhiza- or nodule-forming symbiotic microorganisms, but enhanced after infection with a root pathogenic fungus.

Negative influence of non-host plants on the colonization of Pisum sativum by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus mosseae.

Abstract: We studied the influence of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) non-host plants Stellaria media (Caryophyllaceae), Chenopodium album and Spinaceae oleracea (Chenopodiaceae), Brassica campestris , B. nigra , Capsella bursa-pastoris and Sisymbrium altissimum (Brassicaceae), Juncus balticus (Juncaceae), Urtica dioica (Urticaceae) and of the AM host plant Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae) on the colonization of Pisum sativum by the AM fungus Glomus mosseae . None of the non-host plants tested were colonized by Glomus mosseae . Older non-host plants competed with P. sativum . No inhibition of AM colonization was observed in host plants that were grown in the same pot and at the same time as non-host plants. However, when non-host plants were grown for 30 d before P. sativum , they inhibited mycorrhizal colonization of the latter. In a split pot system the presence of U. dioica on the left-side decreased AM colonization of P. sativum roots on the left-side, but not on the right-side. Non-host plants decreased the inoculum potential of G. mosseae and in some cases the percentage AM colonization of host plants cultivated after non-host plants. These results indicate that roots of non-host species have factors that seem to affect the AM fungus before it establishes in the root of host plants.

Effects of herbicides on nodulation, symbiotic nitrogen fixation, growth and yield of pea ( Pisum sativum )

Abstract: Two pot experiments were performed to study the effects of three pre-emergence herbicides (terbutryn/terbuthylazine, trietazine/simazine and prometryn) and a post-emergence herbicide (bentazone) on nodulation, symbiotic nitrogen fixation, growth and yield of pea (Pisum sativum L.) grown in perlite under nitrogen-free conditions. All pre-emergence herbicides decreased nodulation, total nitrogenase activity, net photosynthesis, leaf area, root and shoot dry weight, nitrogen content and seed yield of peas. The effects of herbicides increased with increase in rate of application. Of the herbicides tested, terbutryn/terbuthylazine and trietazine/simazine had the greatest adverse effects. Pea plant biomass (root plus shoot) was correlated with plant nitrogen content but not total nitrogenase activity. The results of the experiments suggested that the decreased growth of herbicide-treated plants was due to direct effects of the herbicides on peas and not due to indirect effects of the herbicides on rhizobia.

Resistance to Fusarium Wilt Race 2 in the Pisum Core Collection

Abstract: ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. Pisum sativum, Fusarium oxysporum , fungal disease ABSTRACT. Plant breeders must be aware of sources of resistance to pathogens that affect their crops. Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schl. f. sp. pisi Snyd. & Hans. is a fungal disease that affects peas and is important worldwide. Resistance to the different races of the pathogen has been identified in adapted germplasm and from specific accessions in the United States World Collection of peas ( Pisum sativum L.). The goal of this study was to evaluate the resistance to fusarium wilt race 2 in the Pisum core collection. Of the 452 accessions screened, 62 (14%) were resistant. The resistant accessions included accessions from P.s. ssp. elatius that were collected from 24 different countries. The wide distribution of resistance around the world precludes the identification of any single country or region as a source of resistance. Of the 62 accessions resistant to race 2, 39 are also resistant to race 1 based on data obtained from GRIN. One of the wild progenitors, PI 344012, possessed resistance to races 1 and 2.

Yield loss attributable to Alternaria blight of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in India and some potentially effective control measures

Abstract: Simulation of epidemics of Alternaria blight [Alternaria helianthi (Hansf.) Tubaki and Nishihara; A. alternata (Fr.) Keissler] at different plant growth stages resulted in yield losses as high as 61.9% in 'Morden' and 49.7% in 'APSH 11' cultivars of sunflower. The number of seeds per head and their test weight were also significantly reduced. Regression of yield losses on % disease severity gave r2 values between 0.89 and 0.96. Infection at the late vegetative to budding stage caused greatest losses in yield. Additions of carbendazim, glucose, azadirachtin and bulb extract of Allium sativum were inhibitory to mycelial growth of A. helianthi . Mycelial growth of A. alternata was controlled by mancozeb, azadirachtin and Azadirachta indica leaf extract. Foliar application of carbendazim (0.1% a. i.) at 30, 45 and 60 days after sowing significantly (P<0.05) reduced disease severity and increased yield. Bulb extract (1% w/v) of A. sativum was the best among the tested botanicals and second to carbendazim, with...

Identification of Pisum sativum Germ Plasm with Resistance to Root Rot Caused by Multiple Strains of Aphanomyces euteiches.

Abstract: Aphanomyces root rot is a serious disease of pea (Pisum sativum), and additional sources of resistance are needed for development of disease-resistant cultivars Accessions (n = 123) from

Effects of pod infection by Mycosphaerella pinodes on yield components of pea (Pisum sativum)

Abstract: SUMMARY Yield reduction of pea (Pisum sativum) due to various types of infections by Mycosphaerella pinodes on pods was assessed. A range of disease severities was created on pods of pea plants grown in the glasshouse, by painting the pods with different concentrations of spore suspensions, at three different pod development stages: lag phase, the beginning of seed filling (BSF) and mid-filling of the seeds. Seed number at harvest was reduced only if the pods were infected before BSF, as shown previously for whole plant infections. Pod infections led to individual seed weight (ISW) losses from zero (for late infections, at mid-filling) to 20% (for earlier infections and severe disease). Infection during the lag phase affected ISW by reducing seed growth rate, whereas infection at BSF tended to reduce the duration of seed filling. There was a linear relationship between the area under the disease progress curve and the percentage decrease in ISW. This model should be complemented by the effect of leaves and stem infections, in order to predict ISW losses in diseased crop conditions, in which epidemics occur on all aerial parts of the pea plant.

Alkylresorcinol homologs in pisum sativum l. varieties

Abstract: Acetone extracts from the seeds of Pisum sativum L. sensu lato (Leguminoseae) separated by thin layer chromatography revealed the occurrence of bands with chromatographic mobility and color reaction with Fast Blue B characteristic for 1,3-dihydroxy-5-alkylbenzenes. These polyketide metabolites have been isolated and identified by spectroscopic means. The occurrence of homologous series of saturated (approximately 70%) and enoic (mono and diunsaturated) homologs with chain length of C15 to C25 has been revealed with C17 as the main homolog.

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Yield Response to Plant Populations

Abstract: The yield of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) in response to changes in plant density was monitored to estimate the economic optimum planting density and to identify the plant component with the greatest impact on final yield, In growth trials near Buenos Aires, Argentina, biomass and grain yield varied asymptotically with plant density for both Argentinean and European land races. The plant density necessary to obtain maximum biomass and grain yields was higher in a wet year (1993) than in a dry year (1991). At the same seeding rate, maximum total biomass was higher for an early seeding date (June) than for a later seeding date (July). Early and late seeding dates had no effect on grain yields. The number of umbels and grains per plant decreased quadratically with plant density. Grain number was the yield component that best explained yield.

Distribution of a 375 bp repeat sequence inAllium (Alliaceae) as revealed by FISH

Abstract: Information about evolutionary relationships between species of the genusAllium is desirable in order to facilitate breeding programmes. One approach is to study the distribution of repetitive DNA sequences among species thought on taxonomic grounds, to be closely related. We have used fluorescent in-situ hybridisation (FISH) to examine seven species within sect.Cepa of the genus (A. altaicum, A. cepa, A. fistulosum, A. galanthum, A. pskemense, A. oschaninii andA. vavilovii), one species from sect.Rhizirideum (A. roylei), two species from sect.Allium (A. sativum andA. porrum) and one species from sect.Schoenoprasum (A. schoenoprasum). Each species was probed using a 375 bp repeat sequence isolated fromA. cepa (Barnes & al. 1985), which was generated and labelled by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). No signals were detected in anyAllium species not belonging to sect.Cepa with the exception ofA. roylei, whose designation in sect.Rhizirideum is now questioned. Within sect.Cepa the probe was found to hybridize to the ‘terminal’ regions of the chromosome arms of all the species examined. In addition a number of interstitial bands were detected. Use of FISH reveals a more detailed map of the location of the repeat sequences than has previously been obtained by C-banding and other staining procedures. The distribution of the terminal and interstitial sites when compared, allow us to identify three species groups namely,A. altaicum andA. fistulosum; A. cepa, A. roylei, A. oschaninii andA. vavilovii; andA. galanthum andA. pskemense.

Volatile constituents of the fruit of coriandrum sativuml. from isfahan

Abstract: The essential oil of the fruits of Coriandrum sativum L. which is cultivated in Isfahan was isolated by steam distillation and analyzed by TLC, GC, GC/MS and ^-NMR. Eight compounds representing 95.3% of the total components were characterized. Linalool (56.2%), y- terpinene (12.0%) and 5-3-carene (9.7%) were the major constituents of the oil which were obtained in 0.68% (V/W) yield.

Irrigation of field peas (Pisum sativum) : response to timing at different crop growth stages

Abstract: The response of two cultivars of dry harvest field peas ( Pisum sativum ), Solara and Bohatyr, to irrigation at different growth stages was studied on light soils overlying sand in Nottinghamshire, England in 1990, when the spring was particularly dry, in 1991 which had a dry spring and summer and in contrast, 1992, when rainfall was greater compared with the long-term (40 year) mean. Solara, short haulmed and semi-leafless was more sensitive to drought than the tall conventional-leaved cultivar Bohatyr and gave a greater yield response to irrigation, particularly at the vegetative growth stage in the first two dry years 1990 and 1991, of 108% and 55% respectively, compared with unirrigated plots. Bohatyr was less sensitive to the timing of single applications. In all years, peas irrigated throughout on several occasions produced the highest yields, but this was the least efficient use of water.