Showing papers on "Sensor web published in 2010"

A resource oriented architecture for the Web of Things

Abstract: Many efforts are centered around creating large-scale networks of “smart things” found in the physical world (e.g., wireless sensor and actuator networks, embedded devices, tagged objects). Rather than exposing real-world data and functionality through proprietary and tightly-coupled systems, we propose to make them an integral part of the Web. As a result, smart things become easier to build upon. Popular Web languages (e.g., HTML, Python, JavaScript, PHP) can be used to easily build applications involving smart things and users can leverage well-known Web mechanisms (e.g., browsing, searching, bookmarking, caching, linking) to interact and share these devices. In this paper, we begin by describing the Web of Things architecture and best-practices based on the RESTful principles that have already contributed to the popular success, scalability, and modularity of the traditional Web. We then discuss several prototypes designed in accordance with these principles to connect environmental sensor nodes and an energy monitoring system to the World Wide Web. We finally show how Web-enabled smart things can be used in lightweight ad-hoc applications called “physical mashups”.

Passive diagnosis for wireless sensor networks

Abstract: Network diagnosis, an essential research topic for traditional networking systems, has not received much attention for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Existing sensor debugging tools like sympathy or EmStar rely heavily on an add-in protocol that generates and reports a large amount of status information from individual sensor nodes, introducing network overhead to the resource constrained and usually traffic-sensitive sensor network. We report our initial attempt at providing a lightweight network diagnosis mechanism for sensor networks. We further propose PAD, a probabilistic diagnosis approach for inferring the root causes of abnormal phenomena. PAD employs a packet marking scheme for efficiently constructing and dynamically maintaining the inference model. Our approach does not incur additional traffic overhead for collecting desired information. Instead, we introduce a probabilistic inference model that encodes internal dependencies among different network elements for online diagnosis of an operational sensor network system. Such a model is capable of additively reasoning root causes based on passively observed symptoms. We implement the PAD prototype in our sea monitoring sensor network test-bed. We also examine the efficiency and scalability of this design through extensive trace-driven simulations.

A Survey on Sensor Network

Abstract: Sensor networks are recently rapidly growing research area in wireless communications and distributed network. Sensor network is a densely deployed wireless network of small, low-cost sensors, which can be used in various applications like—health, environmental monitoring, military, home, gathering and sensing information in inhospitable locations etc. Wireless sensor networks monitor and control physical environments from remote locations. Sensor nodes suffer various energy and computational constraints for their low cost feature and ad hoc deployment method. Different application areas of sensor networks consist different technical issues and researchers are currently shedding their lights to resolving these issues. The prominent deficiencies are: energy efficient routing, protocols, localization algorithms and system design. This survey paper will cover up all these open research issues as well as their solutions and will point out and depicts all important fields of sensor networks.

Publishing linked sensor data

Abstract: This paper describes a linked-data platform to publish sensor data and link them to existing resource on the semantic Web. The linked sensor data platform, called Sense2Web supports flexible and interoperable descriptions and provide association of different sensor data ontologies to resources described on the semantic Web and the Web of data. The current advancements in (wireless) sensor networks and being able to manufacture low cost and energy efficient hardware for sensors has lead to a potential interest in integrating physical world data into the Web. Wireless sensor networks employ various types of hardware and software components to observe and measure physical phenomena and make the obtained data available through different networking services. Applications and users are typically interested in querying various events and requesting measurement and observation data from physical world. Using a linked data approach enables data consumers to access sensor data and query the data and relations to obtain information and/or integrate data from various sources. Global access to sensor data can provides a wide range of applications in different domains such as geographical information systems, healthcare, smart homes, and business applications and scenarios. In this paper we focus on publishing linked-data to describe sensors and link them to other existing resources on the Web.

Digital Earth's Nervous System for crisis events: real-time Sensor Web Enablement of Volunteered Geographic Information

Abstract: Digital Earth (DE) is a powerful metaphor for the organisation and access to digital information through a multi-scale three-dimensional representation of the globe. Recent progress gave a concrete body to this vision. However, this body is not yet self-aware: further integration of the temporal and voluntary dimension is needed to better portray the event-based nature of our world. We thus aim to extend DE vision with a Nervous System in order to provide decision makers with improved alerting mechanisms. Practical applications are foreseen for crisis management, where up-to-date situational awareness is needed. While it is traditionally built through trusted sources, citizens can play a complementary role by providing geo-referenced information known as Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI). Although workflows have been implemented to create, validate and distribute VGI datasets for various thematic domains, its exploitation in real time and its integration into existing concepts of DE, such ...

A Wireless Soil Moisture Smart Sensor Web Using Physics-Based Optimal Control: Concept and Initial Demonstrations

Abstract: This paper introduces a new concept for a smart wireless sensor web technology for optimal measurements of surface-to-depth profiles of soil moisture using in-situ sensors. The objective of the technology, supported by the NASA Earth Science Technology Office Advanced Information Systems Technology program, is to enable a guided and adaptive sampling strategy for the in-situ sensor network to meet the measurement validation objectives of spaceborne soil moisture sensors. A potential application for this technology is the validation of products from the Soil Moisture Active/Passive (SMAP) mission. Spatially, the total variability in soil-moisture fields comes from variability in processes on various scales. Temporally, variability is caused by external forcings, landscape heterogeneity, and antecedent conditions. Installing a dense in-situ network to sample the field continuously in time for all ranges of variability is impractical. However, a sparser but smarter network with an optimized measurement schedule can provide the validation estimates by operating in a guided fashion with guidance from its own sparse measurements. The feedback and control take place in the context of a dynamic physics-based hydrologic and sensor modeling system. The overall design of the smart sensor web-including the control architecture, physics-based hydrologic and sensor models, and actuation and communication hardware-is presented in this paper. We also present results illustrating sensor scheduling and estimation strategies as well as initial numerical and field demonstrations of the sensor web concept. It is shown that the coordinated operation of sensors through the control policy results in substantial savings in resource usage.

Five challenges for the Semantic Sensor Web

Abstract: The combination of sensor networks with the Web, web services and database technologies, was named some years ago as the Sensor Web or the Sensor Internet. Most efforts in this area focused on the provision of platforms that could be used to build sensor-based applications more efficiently, considering some of the most important challenges in sensor-based data management and sensor network configuration. The introduction of semantics into these platforms provides the opportunity of going a step forward into the understanding, management and use of sensor-based data sources, and this is a topic being explored by ongoing initiatives. In this paper we go through some of the most relevant challenges of the current Sensor Web, and describe some ongoing work and open opportunities for the introduction of semantics in this context.

Design and Deployment of Sensor Network for Real-Time High-Fidelity Volcano Monitoring

Abstract: This paper presents the design and deployment experience of an air-dropped wireless sensor network for volcano hazard monitoring. The deployment of five self-contained stations into the rugged crater of Mount St. Helens only took one hour with a helicopter. The stations communicate with each other through an amplified 802.15.4 radio and establish a self-forming and self-healing multihop wireless network. The transmit distance between stations was up to 8 km with favorable topography. Each sensor station collects and delivers real-time continuous seismic, infrasonic, lightning, GPS raw data to a gateway. The main contribution of this paper is the design of a robust sensor network optimized for rapid deployment during periods of volcanic unrest and provide real-time long-term volcano monitoring. The system supports UTC-time-synchronized data acquisition with 1 ms accuracy, and is remotely configurable. It has been tested in the lab environment, the outdoor campus, and the volcano crater. Despite the heavy rain, snow, and ice as well as gusts exceeding 160 km per hour, the sensor network has achieved a remarkable packet delivery ratio above 99 percent with an overall system uptime of about 93.8 percent over the 1.5 months evaluation period after deployment. Our initial deployment experiences with the system demonstrated to discipline scientists that a low-cost sensor network system can support real-time monitoring in extremely harsh environments.

A system for distributed event detection in wireless sensor networks

Abstract: Event detection is a major issue for applications of wireless sensor networks. In order to detect an event, a sensor network has to identify which application-specific incident has occurred based on the raw data gathered by individual sensor nodes. In this context, an event may be anything from a malfunction of monitored machinery to an intrusion into a restricted area. The goal is to provide high-accuracy event detection at minimal energy cost in order to maximize network lifetime.In this paper, we present a system for collaborative event detection directly on the sensor nodes. The system does not require a base station for centralized coordination or processing, and is fully trainable to recognize different classes of application-specific events. Communication overhead is reduced to a minimum by processing raw data directly on the sensor nodes and only reporting which events have been detected. The detection accuracy is evaluated using a 100-node sensor network deployed as a wireless alarm system on the fence of a real-world construction site.

Mobile Agent Computing Paradigm for Building a Flexible Structural Health Monitoring Sensor Network

Abstract: Wireless structural health monitoring research has drawn great attention in recent years from various research groups. While sensor network approach is a feasible solution for structural health monitoring, the design of wireless sensor networks presents a number of challenges, such as adaptability and the limited communication bandwidth. To address these challenges, this paper explores the mobile agent approach to enhance the flexibility and reduce raw data transmission in wireless structural health monitoring sensor networks. An integrated wireless sensor network consisting of a mobile agent-based network middleware and distributed high computational power sensor nodes is developed. These embedded computer-based high computational power sensor nodes include Linux operating system, integrated with open source numerical libraries, and connected to multimodality sensors to support both active and passive sensing. The mobile agent middleware is built on a mobile agent system called Mobile-C. The mobile agent middleware allows a sensor network moving computational programs to the data source. With mobile agent middleware, a sensor network is able to adopt newly developed diagnosis algorithms and make adjustment in response to operational or task changes. The presented mobile agent approach has been validated for structural damage diagnosis using a scaled steel bridge.

Deployment Techniques for Sensor Networks

Abstract: The prominent visions of wireless sensor networks that appeared about a decade ago have spurred enormous efforts in research and development of this new class of wireless networked embedded systems. Despite the significant effort made, successful deployments and real-world applications of sensor networks are still scarce, labor-intensive and often cumbersome to achieve. In this article, we survey prominent examples of sensor network deployments, in particular for environmental monitoring applications, their interaction with the real world and classify a number of potential causes for errors and common pitfalls. In the second half of this work, we present methods and tools to be used to detect failures, identify and understand root causes. These instrumentation techniques and analysis tools are specifically designed or adapted for the analysis of distributed networked embedded systems at the level of components, sensor nodes, and networks of nodes.

Wireless sensor networks for monitoring the environmental activities

Abstract: The area of sensor network has a long history and many kind of sensor devices are used in various real life applications. Here, we introduce Wireless sensor network which when combine with other areas then plays an important role in analyzing the data of forest temperature, bioinformatics, water contamination, traffic control, telecommunication etc. Due to the advancement in the area of wireless sensor network and their ability to generate large amount of spatial/temporal data, always attract researchers for applying data mining techniques and getting interesting results. Wireless sensor networks in monitoring the environmental activities grows and this attract greater interest and challenge for finding out the patterns from large amount of spatial/temporal datasets. These datasets are generated by sensor nodes which are deployed in some tropical regions or from some wearable sensor nodes which are attached with wild animals in wild life centuries. Sensor networks generate continuous stream of data over time. So, Data mining techniques always plays a vital role for extracting the knowledge form large wireless sensor network data. In this paper, we present the detection of sensor data irregularities, Sensor data clustering, Pattern matching and their interesting results and with these results we can analyze the sensor node data in different ways.

Wireless sensor networks for long-term structural health monitoring

Abstract: In the last decade, wireless sensor networks have emerged as a promising technology that could accelerate progress in the field of structural monitoring. The main advantages of wireless sensor networks compared to conventional monitoring technologies are fast deployment, small interference with the surroundings, self-organization, flexibility and scalability. These features could enable mass application of monitoring systems, even on smaller structures. However, since wireless sensor network nodes are battery powered and data communication is the most energy consuming task, transferring all the acquired raw data through the network would dramatically limit system lifetime. Hence, data reduction has to be achieved at the node level in order to meet the system lifetime requirements of real life applications. The objective of this paper is to discuss some general aspects of data processing and management in monitoring systems based on wireless sensor networks, to present a prototype monitoring system for civil engineering structures, and to illustrate long-term field test results.

Handbook on Sensor Networks

Abstract: Sensor networks have many interesting applications with great utility; however, their actually deployment and realization rely on continuous innovations and solutions to many challenging problems. Thus, sensor networks have recently attracted the attention of many researchers and practitioners. The compilation of the Handbook on Sensor Networks will meet the demand of the sensor network community for a comprehensive reference and summary of the current state of the area. The Handbook on Sensor Networks is a collection of approximately 40 chapters on sensor network theory and applications. The book spans a wide spectrum and includes topics in medium access control, routing, security and privacy, coverage and connectivity, modeling and simulations, multimedia, energy efficiency, localization and tracking, design and implementation, as well as sensor network applications.

Research on hierarchical mobile wireless sensor network architecture with mobile sensor nodes

Abstract: In traditional wireless sensor networks, the users, the sink nodes and sensor nodes are considered to be static, and networks are organized by the form of single-layer planar, which can not adapt to the application of the sensor nodes with mobility. This article starts from the network architecture, introduces the architecture of traditional wireless sensor network, and takes account of the application scenario of mobile sensor nodes. Then we propose architecture of wireless sensor network with mobile sensor nodes. The architecture is divided into high-end node layer and low-end node layer. The high-end nodes are responsible for the data routing, and the low-end nodes are responsible for sensing and reporting data so that the mobile sensor nodes can be freed from the complicated routing calculation and implementation, and improve the network performance effectively. The simulation results show that the hierarchical mobile wireless sensor network can effectively reduce the energy consumption of sensor nodes and data transmission delay.

Integration of Wireless Sensor Network with Cloud

Abstract: The maximum benefit out of the recent developments in sensor networking can be achieved via the integration of sensors with Internet. The real-time specific sensor data must be processed and the action must be taken instantaneously. The integration controller module of the proposed architecture integrates the sensor network and Internet using Cloud Technology which offers the benefit of reliability, availability and extensability.

Security in Sensor Networks

Abstract: Designing and implementing sensor network solutions open up completely new challenges for communication system developers. Such networks literally merge with the real world in which they can sense and control physical phenomena. Therefore, one of the most important issues to be solved is that of security. Services such as confidentiality, integrity, authenticity and access control, but especially privacy and trust are inherently important for the practical use of sensor networks. However, it is much more difficult than in traditional communication systems to provide these security services, as sensor networks or more specifically sensor network nodes are equipped with much fewer resources, for instance regarding computing power or memory. Conventional procedures which work well in traditional networks can usually only be used in a limited way if at all. This issue of it – “Security in Sensor Networks” will therefore extensively cope with this issue. It features a total of five articles, organized in three thematic blocks which cover important areas of the subject. The first block deals with basic procedures for the establishment of traditional security services, such as confidentiality, integrity and authenticity. It contains the contribution “Security Solutions for Uplinkand Downlink-Traffic in Wireless Sensor Networks” authored by Jens-Matthias Bohli, Alban Hessler, Osman Ugus, and Dirk Westhoff which concentrates specifically on selected security and dependability solutions which are able to assure an acceptable security level while at the same time minimizing energy and memory usage. The second block discusses attacks against sensor networks and possible counter measures. Because of the exposure of sensor nodes to the real world, additional ways of attack against these networks open up, compared to conventional networks. In their article “Attacker Models for Wireless Sensor Networks”, Zinaida Benenson, Erik-Oliver Blass, and Felix C. Freiling classify such attacks and describe how attackers can be modeled formally. On the basis of such models, further steps can be taken, such as the creation of intrusion detection systems. The design and implementation of such systems is described by Christoph Krauss in his article “Detecting Compromised Nodes in Wireless Sensor Networks: Misbehavior-based Detection vs. Attestationbased Detection”. The third block, finally, addresses the issue of security in sensor network applications. The paper “Security Design for Industrial Sensor Networks” co-authored by Rainer Falk and Hans-Joachim Hof deals with the use of sensor networks in industrial applications such as process automation or machine monitoring. The second article, called “Security in Border Control and Area Monitoring” and co-authored by Daniela Krüger, Christian Haas, Peter Rothenpieler, Denise Dudek, and Dennis Pfisterer discusses the security requirements of applications operating in the area of real estate and border control. Finally, we would like to thank all contributors to this special and also the anonymous reviewers who dedicated their time and efforts to improving the whole issue.

WebPlug: A framework for the Web of Things

Abstract: We present WebPlug, a framework for the emerging Web of Things. It consists of several building blocks which ease integration of things, including their sensors and actuators with the Web. For example, WebPlug supports versioning of and eventing for arbitrary Web resources, like sensor readings, thus simplifying the process of creating physical mash-ups. After providing an analysis that led to the development of WebPlug, we present selected aspects of its design.We complete the paper by presenting the application of our framework in a real-world scenario.

Sensor Discovery on Linked Data

Abstract: There has been a drive recently to make sensor data accessible on the Web. However, because of the vast number of sensors collecting data about our environment, finding relevant sensors on the Web is a non-trivial challenge. In this paper, we present an approach to discovering sensors through a standard service interface over Linked Data. This is accomplished with a semantic sensor network middleware that includes a sensor registry on Linked Data and a sensor discovery service that extends the OGC Sensor Web Enablement. With this approach, we are able to access and discover sensors that are positioned near named-locations of interest.

A Smart Sensor Web for Ocean Observation: Fixed and Mobile Platforms, Integrated Acoustics, Satellites and Predictive Modeling

Abstract: In many areas of Earth science, including climate change research and operational oceanography, there is a need for near real-time integration of data from heterogeneous and spatially distributed sensors, in particular in situ and space-based sensors. The data integration, as provided by a smart sensor web, enables numerous improvements, namely, (1) adaptive sampling for more efficient use of expensive space-based and in situ sensing assets, (2) higher fidelity information gathering from data sources through integration of complementary data sets, and (3) improved sensor calibration. Our ocean-observing smart sensor web presented herein is composed of both mobile and fixed underwater in situ ocean sensing assets and Earth Observing System satellite sensors providing larger-scale sensing. An acoustic communications network forms a critical link in the web, facilitating adaptive sampling and calibration. We report on the development of various elements of this smart sensor web, including (a) a cable-connected mooring system with a profiler under real-time control with inductive battery charging; (b) a glider with integrated acoustic communications and broadband receiving capability; (c) an integrated acoustic navigation and communication network; (d) satellite sensor elements; and (e) a predictive model via the Regional Ocean Modeling System interacting with satellite sensor control.

Challenges of the Sensor Web for disaster management

Abstract: Sensor Web has been widely promoted and its application has evolved from original military usages to current ubiquitous civil and commercial applications. Its emergence has become a great strength to facilitate the Digital Earth concept. Although many Sensor Web applications and methods have been proposed to assist disaster management, they are not well suited to the unique features and application requirements of disaster management. Most researches focus on how to use the Sensor Web to monitor a certain phenomenon before a disaster happens and to provide early warning. However, there is a lack of study on the negative effects that a disaster may bring to the Sensor Web. For example, severe weather conditions, damaged infrastructure, and spatial isolation may directly make the Sensor Web out-of-service. Besides, disaster management is a complex subject and its domain knowledge needs to be clarified. In this paper, the domain of the disaster management is explored and its unique features are anal...

Optimized Autonomous Space In-Situ Sensor Web for Volcano Monitoring

Abstract: In response to NASA's announced requirement for Earth hazard monitoring sensor-web technology, a multidisciplinary team involving sensor-network experts (Washington State University), space scientists (JPL), and Earth scientists (USGS Cascade Volcano Observatory (CVO)), have developed a prototype of dynamic and scalable hazard monitoring sensor-web and applied it to volcano monitoring. The combined Optimized Autonomous Space - In-situ Sensor-web (OASIS) has two-way communication capability between ground and space assets, uses both space and ground data for optimal allocation of limited bandwidth resources on the ground, and uses smart management of competing demands for limited space assets. It also enables scalability and seamless infusion of future space and in-situ assets into the sensor-web. The space and in-situ control components of the system are integrated such that each element is capable of autonomously tasking the other. The ground in-situ was deployed into the craters and around the flanks of Mount St. Helens in July 2009, and linked to the command and control of the Earth Observing One (EO-1) satellite.

Earth Observation Sensor Web: An Overview

Abstract: In recent years, one of the major advances in Earth observation has been the development and realization of the concept of the Earth Observation Sensor Web. This concept has emerged from advances in sensor, communication, and information technologies to meet the demands for timely and pertinent data and information for supporting applications in the societal benefit areas of Earth observation. One consensus view of the sensor web is a coordinated observation infrastructure composed of a distributed collection of resources - e.g., sensors, platforms, models, computing facilities, communications infrastructure - that can collectively behave as a single, autonomous, taskable, dynamically adaptive and reconfigurable observing system that provides raw and processed data, along with associated metadata, via a set of standards-based serviceoriented interfaces.

Application of wireless sensor networks

Abstract: The Wireless sensor network has a great applied prospect, so the military, academia and industry pay more and more extensive attention. The first, this article introduces the concept of sensor networks and development background; the second, compared with traditional networks, it summarizes the characteristics of sensor networks. In this basis, the application of the sensor network and the direction of the current study are a given brief introduction and a further discussion.

Authentication and key establishment in dynamic wireless sensor networks.

Abstract: When a sensor node roams within a very large and distributed wireless sensor network, which consists of numerous sensor nodes, its routing path and neighborhood keep changing. In order to provide a high level of security in this environment, the moving sensor node needs to be authenticated to new neighboring nodes and a key established for secure communication. The paper proposes an efficient and scalable protocol to establish and update the authentication key in a dynamic wireless sensor network environment. The protocol guarantees that two sensor nodes share at least one key with probability 1 (100%) with less memory and energy cost, while not causing considerable communication overhead.

Analysis of Security Protocols in Wireless Sensor Network

Abstract: Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs) consists of low power, low-cost smart devices which have limited computing resources. With a widespread growth of the applications of WSN, the security mechanisms are also be a rising big issue. A lot of real-world applications have been already deployed and many of them will be based on wireless sensor networks. These applications include geographical monitoring, medical care, manufacturing, transportation, military operations, environmental monitoring, industrial machine monitoring, and surveillance systems. This paper discusses typical constraints, security goals, threat models and typical attacks on sensor networks and their defensive techniques or countermeasures relevant to the sensor networks, including security methods. The most critical area prone to attack is nearby the base station as the data is more aggregated, that should be kept secure using a number of defensive techniques as stated.

Energy Conservation Challenges in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Comprehensive Study

Abstract: A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of a large number of randomly deployed sensor nodes. These sensor nodes organize themselves into a cooperative network and perform the three basic functions of sensing, computations and communications. Research in WSNs has become an extensive explorative area during the last few years, especially due to the challenges offered, energy constraints of the sensors being one of them. In this paper, a thorough comprehensive study of the energy conservation challenges in wireless sensor networks is carried out. The need for effective utilization of limited power resources is also emphasized, which becomes pre-eminent to the Wireless Sensor Networks.

Provenance Aware Linked Sensor Data

Abstract: Provenance, from the French word “provenir”, describes the lineage or history of a data entity. Provenance is critical information in the sensors domain to identify a sensor and analyze the observation data over time and geographical space. In this paper, we present a framework to model and query the provenance information associated with the sensor data exposed as part of the Web of Data using the Linked Open Data conventions. This is accomplished by developing an ontology-driven provenance management infrastructure that includes a representation model and query infrastructure. This provenance infrastructure, called Sensor Provenance Management System (PMS), is underpinned by a domain specific provenance ontology called Sensor Provenance (SP) ontology. The SP ontology extends the Provenir upper level provenance ontology to model domain-specific provenance in the sensor domain. In this paper, we describe the implementation of the Sensor PMS for provenance tracking in the Linked Sensor