Showing papers on "Social psychology (sociology) published in 1988"

The Social Psychology of Procedural Justice

Abstract: 1. Introduction.- 2. Early Research in Procedural Justice.- 3. Research Methods in Procedural Justice Research.- 4. Procedural Justice in Law I: Legal Attitudes and Behavior.- 5. Procedural Justice in Law II: Sources and Implications of Procedural Justice Judgments.- 6. The Generality of Procedural Justice.- 7. Procedural Justice in the Political Arena.- 8. Procedural Justice in Organizations.- 9. Conclusions and Hypotheses.- 10. Two Models of Procedural Justice.- References.- Author Index.

Quantity and quality in social research

Abstract: This book focuses upon the debate about quantitative and qualitative research which took root in the 1960s, although many of the central themes go back centuries. The basic terms of the debate have been felt in many of the disciplines which make up the social sciences, especially sociology, social psychology, education research, organization studies, and evaluation research.

Social Identifications: A Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations and Group Processes

Abstract: Foreward. Preface. 1. Introduction 2. The social identity approach: context and content 3. Intergroup behaviour 4. From stereotyping to ideology 5. Intragroup behaviour: Processes within the groups 6. Social presence and social performance 7. Collective behaviour 8. Conformity and social influence 9. Language, speech, and communication 10. Conclusions References. Author index. Subject index.

Ideological Dilemmas: A Social Psychology of Everyday Thinking

Abstract: A major contribution to the social scientific understanding of how people make sense of their lives, Ideological Dilemmas presents an illuminating new approach to the study of everyday thinking. Contradictory strands abound within both ideology and common sense. In contrast to many modern theorists, the authors see these dilemmas of ideology as enabling, rather than inhibiting: thinking about them helps people to think meaningfully about themselves and the world. The dilemmas within ideology and their effects on thinking are explored through the analysis of what people say in specific key situations: education, medical care, race and gender. The authors identify common ideological themes running through the common-sense discourses they analyse. They highlight the tensions between themes of equality and authority, freedom and necessity, individuality and collectivity. Time and again, the contradictions between these ideological themes crop up as respondents argue and puzzle over their social worlds. Written with refreshing clarity, the discussion cuts across the boundary which often separates sociology from social psychology. Sociologists are reminded that the reproduction of ideology involves individual processes of thinking; social psychologists are urged to recognize the ideological nature of thought.

Narrative and the Self as Relationship

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter explores the nature of stories of self, both as they are told and lived in social life. It examines the story form—or more formally, the structure of narrative accounts. It then describes the way narratives of the self are constructed within social life and the uses to which they are put. As story advances, it become increasingly clear that narratives of the self are not fundamentally possessions of the individual; rather they are products of social interchange—possessions of the socius. This analysis set the stage for a discussion of lived narrative. The chapter proposes the traditional concept of individual selves is fundamentally problematic. What have served as individual traits, mental processes, or personal characteristics can promisingly be viewed as the constituents of relational forms. The form of these relationships is that of the narrative sequence. Thus, by the end of story it can be found that the individual self has all but vanished into the world of relationship.

A dual process model of impression formation.

Abstract: This volume presents different perspectives on a dual model of impression formation -- a theory about how people form impressions about other people by combining information about a person with prior knowledge found in long-term memory. This information is of real importance to graduate students and advanced undergraduates in cognitive and social psychology, experimental psychology, social cognition and perception. Each volume in the series will contain a target article on a recent theoretical development pertinent to current study followed by critical commentaries offering varying theoretical viewpoints. This productive dialogue concludes with a reply by the target article author. The first volume of the series presents an evaluation of theoretical advances in social cognition and information processing from new and different perspectives. Volume 2 presents a new conceptualization of personality and social cognition by Cantor and Kihlstrom which addresses both new and old issues. The volumes in this series will interest and enlighten graduate and advanced undergraduates in cognitive and social psychology, experimental psychology, social cognition and perception. The first volume of the series presents an evaluation of theoretical advances in social cognition and information processing from new and different perspectives. Each volume in the series will contain a target article on a recent theoretical development pertinent to current study followed by critical commentaries offering varying theoretical viewpoints. This productive dialog concludes with a reply by the target article author. The information provided in Volume 1 promises to enrich graduate and advanced undergraduates in cognitive and social psychology, experimental psychology, social cognition and perception. This first volume of the series evaluates the theoretical advances made in social cognition and information processing from new and different perspectives. This unique and lively interchange between the target article author and the critics will enrich and enlighten psychologists from many disciplines. Each volume in the series will contain a target article on a recent theoretical development pertinent to current study followed by critical commentaries offering varying theoretical viewpoints. This productive dialog concludes with a reply by the target article author. The first volume of the series presents an evaluation of theoretical advances in social cognition and information processing from new and different perspectives. Volume 2 presents a new conceptualization of personality and social cognition by Cantor and Kihlstrom which addresses both new and old issues. All volumes in this series will interest and enlighten graduate and advanced undergraduates in cognitive and social psychology, experimental psychology, social cognition and perception.

Charismatic Leadership: The Elusive Factor in Organizational Effectiveness

Abstract: In this new book, Jay A. Conger reveals how the charismatic leader's qualities of creativity, inspiration, unconventionality, vision, and risk-taking can help bring about radical change in organizations damaged by long periods of inertia - and shows why we need charismatic leadership now more than ever before. Drawing on findings from organizational behavior, sociology, social psychology, political science, and his own research - as well as on illustrations from the careers of Steve Jobs, Lee Iacocca, Mary Kay, John DeLorean, Ross Perot, and others - the author dispels the myths about charisma and identifies the specific practices that set charismatic leadership apart to help show how and why these individuals succeed where others may fail.

Collectivism v. Individualism: A Reconceptualisation of a Basic Concept in Cross-cultural Social Psychology

Abstract: Perhaps the most important dimension of cultural difference in social behaviour, across the diverse cultures of the world, is the relative emphasis on individualism v. collectivism. In individualist cultures, most people’s social behaviour is largely determined by personal goals, attitudes, and values of collectivities (families, co-workers, fellow countrymen). In collectivist cultures, most people’s social behaviour is largely determined by goals, attitudes, and values that are shared with some collectivity (group of persons).

Disability Beyond Stigma: Social Interaction, Discrimination, and Activism

Abstract: This article critiques the assumptions about the nature and meaning of disability advanced in social-psychological writing, suggests the origins of these assumptions, and proposes a return to a Lewinian/minority-group analysis of the situation of people with disabilities. It concludes by placing the articles in this issue of the Journal of Social Issues in context and by presenting questions in need of further exploration.

Parents' Ideas, Actions, and Feelings: Models and Methods from Developmental and Social Psychology.

Abstract: GOODNOW, JACQUELINE J. Parents' Ideas, Actions, and Feelings: Models and Methods from Developmental and Social Psychology. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 59, 286-320. Research on parents' ideas has been described as flourishing but relatively atheoretical, and as in need of closer attention to possible methods. To help meet these problems, this review draws together research by developmentalists on parents' ideas about parenting and development, and research in social psychology on attitudes, schemas, and social categorization. The review notes first the presence of a common topic-"social cognition"-and some common features to the history of research by developmental and social psychologists on that topic. It proceeds to outline developmental and social approaches to common issues: the likelihood of change vs. perseverance in ideas; the sources of ideas (constructions from individual experience vs. cultural scripts); links between ideas and actions; links between ideas and feelings; and the impact of one generation's ideas upon the development of the next. For each of these issues, the aim is to demonstrate how models and methods in social psychology can be used to benefit research on parents' ideas. For research on parents, the general argument is that the critical steps in any analysis of ideas and their interactions with actions, feelings, or outcomes are the explicit statement and development of hypotheses and the search for promising methods to accompany them. For developmental psychology in general, the review is offered as an example of the benefits to drawing from fields such as social psychology, and as a filtered introduction to some relevant but often unfamiliar material.

Evaluating one's life: A judgment model of subjective well-being.

Abstract: Research on rhe use o f ‘no opinion'-filters suggests that respondents are the less likely to offer a substantive response the more strongly the filter question is worded. A series of experiments is reported that demonstrates that filter questions influence respondents’ perception of their task: the more strongly the filter question is worded, the more re­ spondents assume that they will have to answer difficult questions, and that they may not ha\e the required knowledge. Accordingly, filter questions discourage respondents from offering global opinions that they may hold. In line with this assumption, all respondents who reported not having an opinion in response to a filter question, subsequently pro­ vided substantive responses on a global opinion question— presumably because the global question asked was less demanding than expected on the basis of the filter. Analyses of these substantive responses indicated that respondents who initially reported not having an opinion differed from respondents who reported having one. M ethodo­ logical implications of these findings for the use of filter questions and for research on the nature o f ‘floating’ are discussed. C O N S E Q U E N C E S O F ‘ N O O P I N I O N ’ F I L T E R S The major goal of public opinion research is the description o f opinions held by a population. Accordingly, public opinion researchers frequently attempt to screen out respondents who do not hold an opinion on the issue under study because they assume that these respondents may provide meaningless responses. T o accomplish this screening task, they developed a variety o f filter questions that allow the identification of respondents who do not hold an opinion. This methodological research resulted in some of the most reliable findings in the area of question wording (cf. Schuman and Presser, 1981; Sudman and Brad burn, 1974 for reviews). In general, respondents are more likely to report not having an opinion on an issue when this alternative is explicitly offered as * A previous version o f (his paper w u presented al the m ating o f (he A m m an Association for Public Opinion Research, Toronto, Canada, May 1988. The reported research was supported by ZU M A's program on Cognition and Survey Methodology and by a Feodor-Lynen Fellowship from the Alexander von Humboldt Sri/rung 10 Norbert Schnarz (C. World Allocution fo r Public Opinion Reuorch ig8g part of a ‘filtered’ question, than when it has to be volunteered in response ro the ‘standard form’ of the question that does not explicitly offer a ‘don’t know’ re­ sponse alternative. I f a ‘don’t know’ option is offered, the increase in 'no opinion’ responses depends on the specific form of the filter used. Generally, the use of a so called ‘quasi-filter’ results in smaller increases than the use of a ‘full-filter’ . In the former case, a ‘no opinion’ option is offered as part of a precoded set of re­ sponse alternatives, whereas in the latter ease respondents are explicitly asked whether they have an opinion on the issue before the interviewer proceeds to ask the question proper. Finally, the increase in ‘don’t know’ responses to a full filter depends on the strength of the wording of the filter question, with stronger wordings resulting in higher rates of no opinion responses. For example, more respondents provide a substantive answer when the filter question is worded, 'D o you have an opinion on this?’, than when it is worded, ‘Have you thought enough about this to have an opinion?’. Several processes are likely to contribute

Lost in a Book: The Psychology of Reading for Pleasure

Abstract: Bringle, R. G., & Buunk, B. (1985). Jealousy and social behavior: A review of person, relationship, and situational determinants. In P. Shaver (Ed.), Self, situations, and social behavior: Review of personality and social psychology (Vol. 6, pp. 241-264). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Hupka, R. B. (1989, May). Components of the typical response to romantic jealousy situations. In G. L. White (Chair), Themesfor progress in jealousy research. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the Second Iowa Conference on Personal Relationships, Iowa City.

Introduction to Social Psychology : A European Perspective

Abstract: Preface. Introduction. Part I: Introduction: 1. Introduction to a History of Social Psychology: Carl F. Graumann (Heidelberg University). 2. Evolutionary Social Psychology: John Archer (University of Central Lancashire). 3. Developmental Social Psychology: Kevin Durkin (University of Western Australia). 4. Methodology in Social Psychology: Antony S. R. Manstead and Gun R. Semin (University of Amsterdam Free University of Amsterdam). Part II: Construction of the Social World: 5. Basic Concepts and Approaches in Social Cognition: Jacques-Philippe Leyens and Benoit Dardenne (Catholic University of Louvain). 6. Processing Social Information for Judgements and Decisions: Klaus Fiedler (University of Heidelberg). 7. Attribution Theory: Basic Issues and Applications: Miles Hewstone and Frank Fincham (Both University of Wales College of Cardiff). 8. Attitudes: Structure, Measurement and Functions: Dagmar Stahlberg and Dieter Frey (University of Kiel). 9. Principles of Attitude Formation and Strategies of Attitude Change: Wolfgang Stroebe and Klaus Jonas (Utrecht University University of Tbingen). Part III: Emotion, Communication and Relationships: 10. Emotion: Klaus Scherer (University of Geneva). 11. Interpersonal Communication: John M. Wiemann and Howard Giles (Both University of California at Santa Barbara). 12. Affiliation, Attraction and Close Relationships: Bram P. Buunk (University of Groningen). 13. Prosocial Behavior: Hans W. Bierhoff (University of Bochum). 14. Aggressive Behavior: Amelie Mummendey (University of Munster). Part IV: Social Groups: 15. Group Performance: Henk Wilke and Ad van Knippenberg (University of Leiden University of Nijmegen). 16. Social Influence in Groups: Eddy van Avermaet (University of Leuven). 17. Intergroup Relations: Rupert Brown (University of Kent at Canterbury). Part V: Epilogue: 18. Applied Social Psychology: Geoffrey M. Stephenson (University of Kent at Canterbury). Glossary. References. Author Index. Subject Index.

Human Territorial Functioning: An Empirical, Evolutionary Perspective on Individual and Small Group Territorial Cognitions, Behaviors, and Consequences

Abstract: 'Territorial functioning' refers to an interlocked system of sentiments, cognitions, and behaviors that are highly place-specific, and socially and culturally determined and maintaining. In this book, Ralph Taylor explores the consequences of human territorial functioning for individuals, small groups, and the ecological systems in which they operate. His exploration is illuminated by his evolutionary perspective, and grounded in empirical studies by social scientists and in theoretical work on the evolution of social and spatial behaviors. He systematically reviews the related research and theory, and indicates the importance of territorial functioning to current social and environmental problems. Contrary to popular wisdom, he argues that territorial functioning is relevant only to limited locations, such as street blocks, and not to neighborhoods or nation states, and that it reduces conflicts and helps maintain settings and groups. His theoretically focused examination of all that has been discovered about human territorial functioning will interest a wide variety of environmental psychologists and designers, urban sociologists, social psychologists, planners, and ethologists, and their students.

The Cross-Cultural Challenge to Social Psychology

Abstract: Introduction - Michael Harris Bond PART ONE: SOME MAINSTREAM CHALLENGES TO CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY How Does One Describe a Platypus? An Outsider's Questions for Cross-Cultural Psychology - James T Tedeschi Why Not Cross-Cultural Psychology? A Characterization of Some Mainstream Views - Roy S Malpass On Titles, Citations, and Outlets - Ladd Wheeler and Harry Reis What Do Mainstreamers Want? On the Limitations of Cross-Cultural Research in Social Psychology - David M Messick PART TWO: STATEMENTS OF SOME GENERAL CROSS-CULTURAL RESEARCH IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Social Science and Social Psychology - William K Gabrenya Jr The Cross-Cultural Link Will Societal Modernization Eventually Eliminate Cross-Cultural Psychological Differences? - Kuo-Shu Yang J'Accuse - Gustav Jahoda Cross-Cultural Replications - Irit Sharon and Yehuda Amir A Prerequisite for The Validation of Social Psychological Laws Putting the Ethic to Work - Joseph E Trimble Applying Social Psychological Principles in Cross-Cultural Settings Cross-Cultural Contributions to Theory in Social Psychology - Harry C Triandis Cross-Cultural Psychology in a Post-Empiricist Era - Andre Kukla PART THREE: INSTRUCTIVE CONTENT AREAS IN CROSS-CULTURAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Organizational Structure and Processes - Peter B Smith and Monir Tayeb Culture and Intergroup Processes - William B Gudykunst Cultural Influences on Group Processes - Leon Mann Interpersonal Behavior - John Adamopoulos Cross-Cultural and Historical Perspectives Cultural Roots of Aggressive Behavior - Marshall H Segall Theoretical Advances in Justice Behavior - Kwok Leung Some Cross-Cultural Inputs Attribution Theory and Processes - Garth J O Fletcher and Colleen Ward A Cross-Cultural Perspective Person Perception in Cross-Cultural Perspective - Leslie Zebrowitz-McArthur Bridging the Content-Structure Dichotomy - Joan G Miller Culture and the Self PART FOUR: SOME MAINSTREAMERS' REAPPRAISALS A Second Look at the Platypus - James T Tedeschi A Reprise Coda - David M Messick

Relating to others

Abstract: The role of relationships in life contexts of relationships developing relationships and developing people developing a steady and exclusive partnership managing relationships when relationships come apart putting relationships right overview.

Methodology and epistemology for social science : selected papers

Abstract: Since the 1950s, Donald T. Campbell has been one of the most influential contributors to the methodology of the social sciences. A distinguished psychologist, he has published scores of widely cited journal articles, and two awards, in social psychology and in public policy, have been named in his honor. This book is the first to collect his most significant papers, and it demonstrates the breadth and originality of his work.

Critical notes and reflections on ‘social representations’

Abstract: Moscovici has ushered in the ‘era of social representations widely welcomed as a European alternative to what are increasingly regarded as the shortcomings of mainline American social psychology. The rapid and enthusiastic adoption by many psychologists of Moscovici's theoretical approach has not so far evoked a great deal of critical appraisal of the ideas he put forward. The present paper seeks to make a start in jilling this gap by an examination of the conceptual structure and some of its underlying assumptions. There appear to be a number of internal inconsistencies and some doubt concerning the logical status of social representations’ It is suggested that clarification of such issues, together with the establishment of closer links with the findings of neighbouring disciplines, would help to strengthen what is undoubtedly one of the most stimulating new departures in the field.

Ego involvement and leisure behavior: a conceptual specification.

Abstract: Numerous theories have been advanced to explain the social psychological attachments between individuals and leisure pursuits. Unfortunately, many of the theories overlap in meaning. Most lack the ...

Accomplishing attitudes: Fact and evaluation in racist discourse

Abstract: This paper explores some of the distinguishing features of a discourse approach to analysis of racism. A contrast is developed with attitude research in social psychology and we demonstrate how the concept of attitude inevitably neglects social and rhetorical context. In particular, attitude theory ignores the way respondents construct evaluations through their varying ‘factual’ accounts of attitudinal objects. The argument is illustrated through the detailed analysis of a section of interview transcripts concerning ‘Polynesian immigrants’. Overall, it is suggested that research concerning ‘attitudes’ to such contentious issues as race and gender has failed to appreciate the pressure on respondents to construct evaluative versions as out-there-in-the-world to avoid the blame we attached when those versions are seen, not as features of the world, but as a consequence of their own psychology or special interests.

Convicted but innocent: Wrongful conviction and the criminal justice system.

Abstract: Legal literature from the beginning of the century, as well as more recent studies, furnish us with accounts of cases of innicent men and women who were tried and convicted of serious crimes throughout the United States. This study surveys the literature on those cases and describes these wrongful convictions by the distribution of offenses, of sentences, of actual punishment inflicted, and types of error contributing to the wrongful conviction.

Categories versus groups as explanatory concepts in intergroup relations

Abstract: In this discussion of papers by Doise (1988) and Tajfel (1982) it is argued that a conceptual distinction should be made between social groups and social categories. A social group can be considered as a ‘dynamic whole’ or social system, characterized by the perceived interdependence among its members, whereas a social category can be defined as a collection of individuals who share at least one attribute in common. This distinction is crucial for the understanding of outgroup favouritism in the minimal intergroup situation, the basic similarity between large scale groupings and face-to-face groups, the difference between group identification and social identity and the issue of categorizations versus attributions in intergroup conflict.

Society and Personality: Interactionist Approach to Social Psychology

Abstract: Being an "interactionist" approach to social psychology, Society and Personality deals with people, not as isolated individuals, but as participants in groups. The aim of the book is to help the reader develop an orderly perspective--a consistent point of view from which to see his (or her) own conduct and that of his (or her) fellows. Propositions about behavior seen from the viewpoint are presented, and relevant evidence, both descriptive and experimental, is examined and evaluated. The author draws upon the two great intellectual traditions of pragmatism and psychoanalysis, and attempts to integrate them into a single, consistent approach. All concepts are reduced to behavioristic terms--defined always in terms of what people do. In this way, it is possible to draw freely on these two schools, and at the same time, avoid much of the jargon of both. Other approaches to the study of human behavior are frequently mentioned and sometimes discussed, but the objective is to give the reader one perspective rather than confuse him with many. Of course, this standpoint is presented as only one of many possible ways of looking at people. Although the book's basic ideas are drawn from two main schools of psychological thought, relevant material has been gathered from other sources as well--sociology, ethnography, linguistics, experimental psychology, and clinical data from psychiatry. One very important extra feature is the List of Personal Documents, compiled by the author to guide interested readers to first-person accounts--biographies, diaries, clinical records--each of which provides a valuable record of human experience.