Showing papers on "Sperm published in 1968"
TL;DR: It was demonstrated that the sperm immobilization test was the best procedure and the sperm-immobilizing factor in patient's serum which gave the strongest positive test was analyzed immunologically.
382 citations
TL;DR: Fertilization events following coalescence of the gamete plasma membranes and culminating in the formation of the zygote nucleus were investigated by light and electron microscopy in the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata.
Abstract: Fertilization events following coalescence of the gamete plasma membranes and culminating in the formation of the zygote nucleus were investigated by light and electron microscopy in the sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata. Shortly after the spermatozoon passes through the fertilization cone, it rotates approximately 180° and comes to rest lateral to its point of entrance. Concomitantly, the nonperforated nuclear envelope of the sperm nucleus undergoes degeneration followed by dispersal of the sperm chromatin and development of the pronuclear envelope. During this reorganization of the sperm nucleus, the sperm aster is formed. The latter is composed of ooplasmic lamellar structures and fasciles of microtubules. The male pronucleus, sperm mitochondrion, and flagellum accompany the sperm aster during its migration. As the pronuclei encounter one another, the surface of the female pronucleus proximal to the advancing male pronucleus becomes highly convoluted. Subsequently, the formation of the zygote nucleus commences with the fusion of the outer and the inner membranes of the pronuclear envelopes, thereby producing a small internuclear bridge and one continuous, perforated zygote nuclear envelope.
239 citations
TL;DR: Spermatozoa have been observed with the electron microscope at various stages of their approach to and penetration of the rabbit ovum and the possible nature of capacitation and its relation to the acrosome reaction and to the process of penetration are discussed.
Abstract: Spermatozoa have been observed with the electron microscope at various stages of their approach to and penetration of the rabbit ovum. No significant change in fine structure is observed in uterine sperm, or in many of the sperm at the periphery of the granulosa investment around the ovum. By contrast, a majority of sperm lying between the granulosa cells or on the surface of the zona pellucida display various stages of the “acrosome reaction”; this involves fusion and vesicle formation between the plasma membrane and the outer membrane of the acrosome. Loss of these vesicular elements, and content of the acrosome cap, takes place before sperm begin to penetrate the substance of the zona. The constricted posterior “equatorial” segment of the acrosome cap does not take part in the acrosome reaction and remains with its content intact during penetration of the zona; neither does the content of the apical sub-acrosomal region (perforatorium) or post-acrosomal region appear to change in traversing the zona. The hypothetical zona lysin is thus presumed to be closely associated with the persistent inner membrane of the acrosome, which now becomes the limiting membrane around the anterior part of the sperm nucleus.
No “penetration filament” has been observed, but sperm within the zona pellucida of ageing eggs are often preceded by a straight or curved fissure in the substance of the zona. The possible nature of capacitation and its relation to the acrosome reaction and to the process of penetration, are discussed briefly.
219 citations
127 citations
TL;DR: Reproductive cycles, reproductive potential and activity were determined for populations of the painted turtle, Chrysemys picta, and Courtship behavior occurs in spring and fall, but effective mating probably does not occur in the fall.
Abstract: Reproductive cycles, reproductive potential and activity were determined for populations of the painted turtle, Chrysemys picta The male reproductive cycle is divisible into three phases From late March to early May (the mating season) the testes are small but the sperm ducts are filled with sperm Spermatogenesis occurs from July to October This results in an increase in testis size The winter phase is characterized by small testes Most of the sperm are contained in the epididymis at this time Transitional periods occur between each of these phases Courtship behavior occurs in spring and fall, but effective mating probably does not occur in the fall Ovarian follicles begin to increase in size in September By March the largest follicles are around 16 mm in diameter Immediately before ovulation these increases to about 18 mm in diameter Ovulation occurs around the middle of May and enlarged follicles, as well as the oviducal eggs, are invariably present at this time Presumably a second clutch i
104 citations
TL;DR: Rabbit spermatozoa were removed from various levels of the male reproductive tract and their motility characteristics were recorded cinematographically and examined in Hanks' solution at room temperature with a phase contrast microscope.
Abstract: Rabbit spermatozoa were removed from various levels of the male reproductive tract. They were examined in Hanks' solution at room temperature with a phase contrast microscope and their motility characteristics were recorded cinematographically.
Spermatozoa from the seminiferous tubules and ductuli efferentes show weak, vibratory movements with no forward progress. Little change in motility occurs until the sperm reach the flexure of the caput epididymidis where some are capable of moving more vigorously in a circular fashion. Samples from the distal caput epididymidis show a sudden increase in sperm activity and a consistent pattern of tight, circular movement. As the sperm traverse the corpus epididymidis, increasing numbers show progressive, forward movement with longitudinal rotation. The proportion of such sperm becomes significant only in samples from the upper cauda epididymidis and more distal regions. Sperm from the ductus deferens rarely retain the circular movement.
It is concluded that rabbit spermatozoa undergo a distinct sequence of changes in their swimming movements as they mature in the epididymis. A similar change was noted in epididymal spermatozoa from the rat and guinea pig suggesting that this process is fundamental to sperm maturation in several species.
93 citations
TL;DR: Gonidia appear to be most susceptible to female induction during the early stages of their expansion prior to cleavage, which is responsible for the development of gone colonies in Volvox carteri.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS. The life cycle of Volvox carteri was studied in axenic culture using the NB-3 and the NB-7 strains isolated from Nebraska. Vegetative colonies of both strains contain 8–12 asexual reproductive cells (gonidia) which divide to form daughter colonies. During daughter colony formation, the reproductive cells of the daughters are delimited at an early stage of cleavage. Gonidia are delimited at the division from 16 to 32 cells, but eggs and male initial cells are not differentiated until the division of the 32-celled stage. In all instances the reproductive cells are the products of unequal cleavages.
Male and female colonies are formed in separate clones. Female colonies contain approximately 20 eggs. Male colonies have approximately 50 male initial cells, each of which forms a sperm bundle containing 64 or 128 sperm. Sperm bundles penetrate female colonies and fertilize the eggs. Zygote formation, zygote germination, and the development of gone colonies is described. Sexual type was inherited in a 1:1 ratio.
Male colonies appear spontaneously in the male strain, but female colonies were formed in the female strain only in the presence of a substance produced by colonies from male cultures. This female inducing substance is produced in male cultures primarily, if not exclusively, by male colonies rather than by vegetative colonies. The female inducing substance is heat labile and non-dialyzable. Activity is destroyed by Pronase, but not by trypsin, chymotrypsin or ribonuclease.
Gonidia appear to be most susceptible to female induction during the early stages of their expansion prior to cleavage.
89 citations
TL;DR: Females from the stocks Rpe-333, Rti-277, Rst-940, and Roy-2 produce few or no female offspring when mated with + males, and in each case the reciprocal cross yields the normal percentage of female offspring.
Abstract: 1.
Females from the stocks R pe-333, R ti-277, R st-940, and R oy-2 produce few or no female offspring when mated with + males. In each case, the reciprocal cross yields the normal percentage (85%) of female offspring.
2.
The females from these incompatible stocks contain active sperm within their spermathecae after mating with + males.
3.
In incompatible crosses, almost all eggs laid develop into males with no evidence that female embryos or larvae fail to develop.
4.
Egg maturation and fertilization normally follows a pattern similar to Habrobracon.
5.
Sperm from + males enter R ti-277 eggs but form a tangled mass of chromatin instead of chromosomes. The maturation divisions of the eggs are normal, and only the chromosomes of the egg pronuclei contribute to the development of the offspring.
82 citations
TL;DR: Staining with fast green before and after treatment with Van Slyke reagent indicates a change from lysine- rich to arginine-rich histone in the maturing spermatid.
Abstract: The testis of Nucella consists of numerous tubules, all directed inwards and joining to form a common testicular duct. In a single tubule the spermatogonia lie round the periphery. Mature sperm line the lumen of the tubule. Cells in the same stage of spermatogenesis are grouped together and all members of a group pass through spermatogenesis in phase. Staining with fast green before and after treatment with Van Slyke reagent indicates a change from lysine-rich to arginine-rich histone in the maturing spermatid. Sperm of Nucella are motile throughout their length. The sperm are thread-like and about 80 µ long. The head is Feulgen-positive and about 40 µ long. The mid-piece lies behind the head and is about 8 µ long. The flagellum runs from the front end of the head to the tip of the tail; in the head it is completely surrounded by the nucleus. The spermatogonia contain two centrioles situated near the nucleus and a conspicuous Golgi complex. There are synaptinemal complexes in spermatocyte nuclei in the synapsis stage. In the early spermatid the centriole pushes a tube through the nucleus. This tube is lined by nuclear membrane and is occupied by the anterior portion of the flagellar shaft. The nucleus elongates and the nucleoprotein condenses into strands arranged helically along the long axis of the nucleus. These strands fuse to form lamellae, which disappear in the mature sperm. Mitochondria aggregate at the base of the early spermatid nucleus and form a loose spiral around the flagellar shaft. The outer mitochondrial membranes fuse. The mid-piece of the mature sperm consists of a large tubular mitochondrion enclosing a portion of the flagellar shaft. At the early spermatid stage a pro-acrosomal granule is formed from a large Golgi complex. From this the acrosome develops; it consists of a cone and an acrosome granule. There are two sets of microtubules associated with the acrosome, one lying within the cone, the other outside the cone and separated from it by a ‘ragged membrane’. The microtubules of the outer set extend backwards along the head for two-thirds of its length. The centriole which gives rise to the flagellar shaft lies at the anterior end of the head and is separated from the acrosome by a thin layer of nucleoprotein and a double layer of nuclear envelope. There is no second centriole or derivative thereof in the mature sperm. In the tail groups of coiled fibres are associated with each pair of the peripheral flagellar fibrils.
80 citations
77 citations
TL;DR: The theoretical equilibrium frequency of mutant t alleles for the lethal and male-sterile case, respectively, are given as functions of the intensity of the distortion of genetic ratios in the sperm pool.
Abstract: The remarkable polymorphism at the T locus in natural populations of the house mouse, Mus musculus, has been shown by Dunn and his collaborators (Dunn, 1953, 1957, 1960; Dunn and Suckling, 1956) to be maintained by a balance between selection and an abnormal segregation mechanism. Homozygotes for various mutant alleles (designated as tw) found in wild populations are either unconditional lethals or male sterile. The effective sperm pool of heterozygous males, however, contains between 85% and 99% t bearing sperm so that the loss of the mutant t alleles in homozygotes is counter-balanced by their increase from the segregation in heterozygous males. Bruck (1957) and Dunn and Levene (1961) gave the theoretical equilibrium frequency of mutant t alleles for the lethal and male-sterile case, respectively, as functions of the intensity of the distortion of genetic ratios in the sperm pool. In particular, if q is the equilibrium frequency of the t allele and m is the proportion of t bearing sperm in the genetic pool of heterozygous males
TL;DR: The necessity of providing an adequate air-space in vials used for short-term storage of undiluted sperm of Atlantic salmon is demonstrated and a rough correlation between motility of sperm and fertilization is reported.
Abstract: Non-frozen storage of sperm for several weeks was achieved by the use of buffered protective agents and low temperature For example, sperm stored with 5% dimethyl sulphoxide at −45 C for 28 days
TL;DR: In utero sperm of Ascaris lumbricoides, a relatively clear, ameboid anterior region and a conical posterior region containing numerous surface membrane specializations, dense mitochondria, a lipid-like refringent body of variable size, and a dense nucleus which lacks an apparent nuclear envelope are observed.
Abstract: Ultrastructural observations of the in utero sperm of Ascaris lumbricoides reveal that it consists of a relatively clear, ameboid anterior region and a conical posterior region containing numerous surface membrane specializations, dense mitochondria, a lipid-like refringent body of variable size, and a dense nucleus which lacks an apparent nuclear envelope. No acrosomal complex was observed. Pseudopods emanating from the anterior cytoplasm make first contact with the primary oocytes and appear to be responsible for the localized removal of the extraneous coat covering the oolemma. Subsequently the gamete membranes interdigitate and finally fuse. Because this pseudopodial action appears similar to that reported for the acrosomal filaments in flagellated sperm, the anterior region of the Ascaris sperm is thought to serve an acrosomal function. Following gamete-membrane fusion, the sperm nucleus acquires a particulate appearance and becomes disorganized. Once inside the oocyte, the sperm cytoplasm consists of dense mitochondria, ribosomes, and vesicles derived from the surface membrane specializations. The refringent body, whose contents possibly contribute to the synthesis of ribosomes, is usually absent by the time the sperm cytoplasm attains a central position in the egg.
TL;DR: It was found that sperm from whichever mating was made first was used predominantly, but not exclusively, for fertilization, but the fertility/unit time of the females mated to both types of male was just significantly higher than would have been expected on the basis of the relative number of eggs fertilized by each type of sperm.
TL;DR: Cryogenic preservation of cod sperm, with retention of fertilizing capacity, was achieved and freezing rate of 5 degrees C/min was more successful than one of 1 degree C/Min.
Abstract: Cryogenic preservation of cod sperm, with retention of fertilizing capacity, was achieved. Sperm were deep frozen to −79 C or −196 C in the presence of protecting agents. Of the conditions tested, ...
TL;DR: Spermatozoa recovered from the caput epididymides of four bulls were immotile, whereas sperm from the caudal sperm were used to inseminate 100 cows, and 69% did not return for reinsemination in 60 to 90 days.
TL;DR: It is concluded that the ABO blood groups do not influence the results obtained with Kibricks gelatin agglutination test, and the higher incidence of sperm agglUTinin positivity and high Agglutinin titres in the sterile than in the fertile group seems to indicate that sperm aggLutinins may interfere with fertility.
Abstract: The incidence of sperm agglutinins in a group of men in sterile marriages was compared with the incidence in a group of men in fertile marriages. The sera of 400 men in sterile marriages and 500 men in fertile marriages were investigated for sperm agglutinins with Kibricks gelatin agglutination test. In the sterile group the incidence of positive sera was 6.8% 2.5% with low titres (less than or equal to 1:32) and 4.3% with high titres (greater than or equal to 1:64). In the fertile group there was an incidence of 2.6% positive sera 1.8% with low and .8% with high titres. Except in regard to low titres these differences between the sterile and the fertile groups were statistically significant (p less than .01). The 13 fertile men who were agglutinin positive were still agglutinin positive 4-13 months later. It is assumed that the fertile men with sperm agglutinins were agglutinin positive also at the time of conception. The distribution of ABO blood groups was almost the same in the sperm agglutinin positive and negative groups although semen from the same donor was used throughout the investigation. It is concluded that the ABO blood groups do not influence the results obtained with Kibricks gelatin agglutination test. The higher incidence of sperm agglutinin positivity and high agglutinin titres in the sterile than in the fertile group seems to indicate that sperm agglutinins may interfere with fertility.
TL;DR: In testis, major morphological and functional changes occur at a well-defined period of development, and moreover, the isozymic repertory of one of the new cell lines, sperm, can be determined by obtaining seminal fluid.
Abstract: Recognition of the occurrence, metabolic role, and genetic control of multiple molecular forms of a single enzyme has added a new dimension to our knowledge of the highly specific metabolic events that accompany growth and cellular differentiation. Studies on lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) have been especially informative from this point of view. By a variety of chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques, LDH can be resolved into five molecular forms, or isozymes, each isozyme being a tetramer formed by combining two different monomers (designated A & B by Markert, and M & H by Kaplan) in all possible combinations.' Thus, the polypeptide composition of each isozyme of LDH may be designated as follows: LDH-1 (AOB4 or M o H ~ ) , LDH-2 ( A I B ~ or M1H3), LDH-3 (AzBz or M2H2), LDH-4 (A& or M,~HI) , and LDH-5 ( A ~ B o r M4HO). The relative distribution of enzyme activity among the five isozymes is specific for each tissue; furthermore, the isozymic repertory of each tissue exhibits characteristic changes during fetal and postnatal maturation.'-' Since the constituent monomers, A and B, are coded by genes at two separate loci, a and b, the isozyme content of a tissue a t any given period of development is a reflection of differential gene function. Factors regulating the differential expression of the genes a t these loci, however, are unknown. Since each tissue is a composite of many different cell types, the question was raised as to whether the changes in isozyme patterns observed during growth and cellular differentiation could be secondary to the appearance of new cell types, or perhaps, due to a change in function of cells already present. A tissue that appeared to be ideally suited to investigate these possibilities was the testis. In testis, major morphological and functional changes occur at a well-defined period of development, and moreover, the isozymic repertory of one of the new cell lines, sperm, can be determined by obtaining seminal fluid. Studiesin our laboratory,'\"'l4 as well as those by Goldberg,I5 and more recently by Wilkinson and WithycombeI6 and Clausen and Q~l i sen , '~ have shown that electrophoretically, unusual forms of LDH appear in testes from a variety of mammalian and avian species during sexual maturation. Until more 10 12
TL;DR: The sperm of cotton were observed in the pollen tube in the style and the suggestion is put forward that only mitochondria are present in the sperm.
Abstract: The sperm of cotton were observed in the pollen tube in the style. They are true cells but relatively simple in organization. The nuclei are small and each contains a single, very small nucleolus. Nuclear pores are common and heterochromatin lines the nuclear membrane. The plastids and mitochondria are so reduced in internal structure that it is impossible to separately identify them. The suggestion is put forward that only mitochondria are present in the sperm. Dictyosomes are few but appear to be producing large numbers of vesicles. Single membrane vesicles of a large range of sizes are common. ER is scarce but polysomes are numerous.
TL;DR: It is concluded that the reduced motility and agglutination of spermatozoa in the ejaculates can be explained by the sperm antibodies present in the investigated males and the relationship between sperm antibodies at high levels in the blood and sterility might be due to reduced Motility and penetration ability of the spermatoozoa inThe ejaculate.
Abstract: A study was conducted to analyze the clinical and seminal findings in men with sperm antibodies in their blood and to relate these findings to the sperm antibody level the mucus penetration ability of the spermatozoa and fertility. 43 men with sperm antibodies in their blood were studied. Prostatovesiculitis was found in 37% (16) of the men. Of the 43 men 29 lived in sterile and 14 in fertile marriages. Sperm agglutination of the tail-to-tail type was found in most of the semen samples and in the majority there was also a low percentage of motile spermatozoa and a low degree of sperm motility without corresponding deviations of the other semen properties. There were statistically significant correlations between the immobilizing activity of the serum and the sperm motility degree in the ejaculates (-.57) and between the sperm agglutinin titre of the serum and the sperm agglutination degree in the semen (.42). An interrelation was found between high sperm antibody level in the blood decreased sperm motility in the ejaculate and sterility. It is concluded that the reduced motility and agglutination of spermatozoa in the ejaculates can be explained by the sperm antibodies present in the investigated males and the relationship between sperm antibodies at high levels in the blood and sterility might be due to reduced motility and penetration ability of the spermatozoa in the ejaculate. The high incidence of prostatovesiculitis in men with sperm antibodies and prostatovesiculitis which deserves further investigation.
TL;DR: It follows that females are inseminated in autumn and store sperm until they ovulate in spring, and males' testes are small and without sperm in the spring, enlarge to a maximum in late summer, and decrease in the winter.
Abstract: Female Hemiergis peronii ovulate in the spring; males' testes are small and without sperm in the spring, enlarge to a maximum in late summer, and decrease in the winter. Females' oviducts contain sperm over the winter. It follows that females are inseminated in autumn and store sperm until they ovulate in spring.
TL;DR: Various proteolytic enzymes were added to the medium to facilitate sperm penetration, and it was found that, when the zona pellucida was dissolved, epididymal sperm as well as sperm recovered from the uterus could penetrate the vitelline surface, activate the eggs and lead to the formation of pronuclei.
Abstract: SUCCESSFUL in vitro fertilization of mammalian eggs has been achieved in the rabbit and golden hamster1–4, but authentic reports of success for rat eggs are still lacking. In an attempt to fertilize rat eggs in vitro by the procedures of Yanagimachi and Chang3, we used various media with added heated rat serum, follicular, bursal or uterine fluid. After many trials, none of 844 eggs from seventy-six rats was found to have been penetrated, confirming Austin's early statement5. Various proteolytic enzymes were added to the medium to facilitate sperm penetration, and we found that, when the zona pellucida was dissolved, epididymal sperm as well as sperm recovered from the uterus could penetrate the vitelline surface, activate the eggs and lead to the formation of pronuclei. This communication reports the procedures and results of this experiment.
TL;DR: By means of electron microscope cytochemistry, nonspecific acid and alkaline phosphatases have been localized in intact and activated acrosomes, in mitochondria, and on the plasma membrane of sea urchin spermatozoa.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: These investigations suggest that the major cause of sterility in men with high levels of sperm antibodies is the reduced mucus penetrating ability of the spermatozoa.
Abstract: In 1956 it was first reported that sperm agglutination due to autoantibodies could be a cause of sterility in men. The existence of such antibodies was later confirmed by others. Spermatostasis due to occlusion of the vas deferens or the epididymal duct was suggested as a possible cause of this antibody formation. The incidence of sperm agglutinin positivity was high in patients with some kind of epididymitis or prostatovesiculitis. Also azospermia (no spermatozoa) in the semen was usually present. A large percentage lived in sterile marriages. Other observers found that the presence of sperm agglutinins in blood does not always interfere with fertility. Others have shown that women may form sperm agglutinins and that this may be a cause of sterility. This investigation was undertaken to find men with sperm antibodies in their blood by investigating the blood of those men in sterile marriages who showed spontaneous agglutination of spermatozoa in their ejaculates. Also the intent was to determine whether this immuno-agglutination was associated with a reduced mucus penetration ability of the spermatozoa or if other factors were present. In cases where agglutinates were found in the semen samples of blood were tested at a dilution of 1:4 by the macroscopic method of Kilbrick. The titre of serum agglutinins was also determined. The mucus penetration ability of their spermatozoa was determined by postcoital tests. 3.4% of the men had both sperm agglutinates in their blood. Agglutinin titres varied between 1:32 and 1:16384. The immobilizing activity of the sera showed a good correlation to the sperm agglutinin tests. In all cases of immunoagglutination the sperm showed a reduced mucus penetration ability. No other infertility factors were found among the wives. A subsequent investigation involved 400 men of couples attending the clinic because of infertility and a control group of 500 men who had fathered children. Also 500 male blood donors unselected with regard to fertility were tested. 46 men were found to have sperm antibodies. They were found in all of the groups but more in the sterile group particularly those with high titres. Techniques of testing are described. Mucus penetrating ability of the spermatozoa was found to be markedly reduced in the sterile group as compared to the fertile group. Also agglutinin titres were higher in the sterile group. The sperm agglutinating antibodies seemed to be mainly of the 7s type. The blood factors had antibody characteristics. These investigations suggest that the major cause of sterility in men with high levels of sperm antibodies is the reduced mucus penetrating ability of the spermatozoa. The sperm antibodies and not the sperm agglutinatin antibodies are believed to cause this. The ABO blood group system did not influence the results of these tests.
TL;DR: Sperm mitochondria of sperm seem to disintegrate by a process of self-autolysis suggesting that the paternal mitochondrion affects no prolonged influence on embryogenesis.
TL;DR: There was a positive correlation between agglutination and staining of ejaculated spermatozoa by an indirect immunofluorescent antibody technique and Corticosteroid and ACTH therapy has not altered the serum titers or autoagglutination of infertile men.
Abstract: In general there is a parrallel between serum sperm agglutinin titers and the inability of the spermatozoa to penetrate the cervical muscosa. The serum of 67 (3.3%) of 2015 infertile males had titers of 1:32 or higher. Of 416 fertile men and 124 infertile women none had serum with titers of 1:32 or higher. Of the 67 infertile men about 1/3 had semen with normal sperm density and usually autoagglutination; another third had oligospermia with sperm of subnormal motility while autoagglutination was not easily observed; and the remaining third had azoospermia usually due to obstruction of efferent ducts. Of the last group testis biopsies showed normal histology in 15 men and partial abnormality in 2 indicating that sperm autoantibodies did not interfere with spermatogenesis. No cause for antibody formation was observed in more than half of nonazoospermic patients. There was a positive correlation between agglutination and staining of ejaculated spermatozoa by an indirect immunofluorescent antibody technique. Some sera stained both testicular and ejaculated spermatozoa and some only one or the other. Five of 11 men with congenital absence of both the vasa deferentia and seminal vesicles had sperm agglutinins at titers of 1:8 to 1:256 higher levels of gamma A (P=.004) and higher titers of complement-fixing anti-measles virus antibodies (P=.008) than those without sperm agglutinins. Among 25 men whose vasa had been ligated 2 to 20 years previously 17 showed no sperm agglutinins perhaps due to: 1) a variable mechanism of phagocytosis and/or defective digestion of spermatozoa by cells lining the sperm pathway 2) resorption of sperm antigens causing immune tolerance 3) initiation of antibody formation requiring an adjuvant inflammatory effect 4) other antibodies. Corticosteroid and ACTH therapy has not altered the serum titers or autoagglutination of infertile men.
TL;DR: Evidence is reported that under conditions yielding a progeny: sperm ratio of 0-5 from matings of Oregon-R males with yellow females, significant departures toward a ratio of 1 -0 are observed from matments of Oregon -R males (brothers of the above) with Oregon- R females.
Abstract: From a study of the frequencies of segregation products from Bar-Stone translocation males of Drosophila melanogaster it was suggested by Novitski & I. Sandier (1957) that not all products of spermatogenesis are functional. Peacock & Erickson (1965) compared the number of sperm stored in, with the number of progeny derived from, yellow females inseminated by Oregon-R males and found that over a wide range of sperm counts, a progeny: sperm ratio of approximately 0-5 obtained. They concluded that one-half of the stored sperm effected fertilization and proposed that 50 % of the sperm produced by the male are non-functional. The present paper reports evidence that under conditions yielding a progeny: sperm ratio of 0-5 from matings of Oregon-R males with yellow females, significant departures toward a ratio of 1 -0 are observed from matings of Oregon-R males (brothers of the above) with Oregon-R females.