Showing papers on "Spillover effect published in 1995"
TL;DR: In this paper, a model is presented based on recent theories of economic growth that treat commercially oriented innovation efforts as a major engine of technological progress, and the authors study the extent to which a country's total factor productivity depends not only on domestic R&D capital but also on foreign capital.
3,397 citations
1,138 citations
TL;DR: The authors quantified the cross-national spillover effects of government and private investment in research and development (ROD), using a panel data set of ten OECD countries, and found that domestic private research is a significant determinant of both domestic and foreign productivity growth.
Abstract: This paper quantifies the cross-national spillover effects of government and private investment in research and development (ROD), using a panel data set of ten OECD countries. The results show that domestic private research is a significant determinant of both domestic and foreign productivity growth, and that foreign government research stimulates domestic private research. These findings are significant in that they provide empirical support for arguments in favor of international economic policy coordination, particularly in the area of international science and technology.
296 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the R&D spillover hypothesis of the endogenous growth literature using panel data for a sample of private manufacturing firms in India over the period 1975-1986 was tested.
143 citations
TL;DR: This paper investigated the relationship between foreign direct investment and technical efficiency in Mexico, Brazil, Chile, Singapore, and Zambia using Granger Causality tests and found that investment and labour productivity are causally independent variables, however, capital formation of the host country is found to exert causal influence on foreign investment.
Abstract: While there is considerable evidence on the observed linkage between foreign investment and technical efficiency of the developing countries, the question of causality between them has not been investigated. This paper re-examines the relationship between foreign direct investment and technical efficiency in Mexico, Brazil, Chile, Singapore and Zambia using Granger Causality tests. The results suggest that foreign direct investment and labour productivity are causally independent variables. However, capital formation of the host country is found to exert ‘Causal’ influence on foreign investment.
75 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: Easterly and Levine as discussed by the authors used cross-country regressions to account for Sub-Saharan Africa's growth performance over the past 30 years and to suggest policies to promote growth over the next 30 years.
Abstract: Problems associated with Sub-Saharan Africa's slow growth are low school attainment, political instability, poorly developed financial systems, large black-market exchange-rate premia, large government deficits, and inadequate infrastructure. Improving policies alone boosts growth substantially. But if neighboring countries adopt a policy change together, the effects on growth are more than double what they would have been if one country had acted alone. Africa's economic history since 1960 fits the classical definition of tragedy: potential unfulfilled, with disastrous consequences. Easterly and Levine use one methodology - cross-country regressions - to account for Sub-Saharan Africa's growth performance over the past 30 years and to suggest policies to promote growth over the next 30 years. They statistically quantify the relationship between long-run growth and a wider array of factors than any previous study. They consider such standard variables as initial income to capture convergence effects, schooling, political stability, and indicators of monetary, fiscal, trade, exchange rate, and financial sector policies. They also consider such new measures as infrastructure development, cultural diversity, and economic spillovers from neighbors' growth. Their analysis: - Improves substantially on past attempts to account for the growth experience of Sub-Saharan African countries. - Shows that low school attainment, political instability, poorly developed financial systems, large black-market exchange-rate premia, large government deficits, and inadequate infrastructure are associated with slow growth. - Finds that Africa's ethnic diversity tends to slow growth and reduce the likelihood of adopting good policies. - Identifies spillovers of growth performance between neighboring countries. The spillover effects of growth have implications for policy strategy. Improving policies alone boosts growth substantially, but if neighboring countries act together, the effects on growth are much greater. Specifically, the results suggest that the effect of neighbors' adopting a policy change is 2.2 times greater than if a single country acted alone. This paper - a joint product of the Macroeconomics and Growth Division and the Finance and Private Sector Development Division, Policy Research Department - is part of a larger effort in the department to understand the link between policies and growth. The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project Patterns of Growth (RPO 678-26).
72 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a more extensive and satisfactory method to construct intercountry and consolidated EC input-output (IO) tables by aggregating the domestic and intra-EC import matrices from the harmonized national IO tables.
Abstract: Eurostat constructs consolidated input–output (IO) tables for the European Community (EC) by means of an aggregation of the domestic and the intra-EC import matrices from the harmonized national IO tables. Intercountry EC IO tables can be constructed by disaggregating the intra-EC imports according to country of origin, with coefficients derived from international trade statistics. These procedures, however, produce inadequate outcomes for several reasons. The most important reason is that the imports are valued in ex-customs prices, instead of the theoretically more appropriate producers' prices. This paper analyzes the nature of these and other data problems, and describes a more extensive and satisfactory method to construct intercountry and consolidated EC IO tables. The empirical results are illustrated by an analysis of the domestic and intercountry intersectoral spillover effects for 1965–85.
67 citations
TL;DR: Findings extend research on number and types of women's roles by suggesting that caregivers' well-being also is influenced by the ways their roles interfere with or enhance each other.
Abstract: This research examined how the roles of caregiver and wife affect one another, both positively and negatively, and how such "spillover" effects are related to caregivers' well-being. Spillover was assessed both from the perspective of 125 adult daughter caregivers and their husbands. Husbands reported less negative spillover and more positive spillover from the caregiver role to the wife role than did caregivers. Caregivers reported less positive spillover and more negative spillover from their parent-care role to their wife role than in the opposite direction (wife role to caregiver role). After controlling for caregivers' dispositional optimism, positive and negative spillover were related to several aspects of caregivers' well-being (depression, positive affect, and marital satisfaction), but not to physical health. Findings extend research on number and types of women's roles by suggesting that caregivers' well-being also is influenced by the ways their roles interfere with or enhance each other.
48 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a Pt/ZrO2 catalyst was investigated by temperature-programmed reduction and temperatureprogrammed desorption of hydrogen, and no connection between dehydroxylable OH groups and spillover hydrogen adsorption has been observed.
Abstract: A Pt/ZrO2 catalyst has been investigated by temperature-programmed reduction and temperature-programmed desorption of hydrogen. Hydrogen spills over from Pt onto the ZrO2 surface at about 550°C. One part of spillover hydrogen is consumed by a partial reduction of zirconia. The other part is adsorbed on the surface and is desorbed at about 650°C. This desorption is a reversible one, i.e. it can be followed by a renewed uptake of spillover hydrogen. No connection between dehydroxylable OH groups and spillover hydrogen adsorption has been observed. The adsorption sites for the reversibly bound spillover hydrogen were possibly formed during the reducing hydrogen treatment.
46 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the extent to which structural transformation was connected to spillover effects due to demand-side linkages and human capital development, two less explored aspects of Taiwan's develop-
Abstract: The agricultural and industrial development experience of the Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan has been widely lauded as a successful model of balanced growth. A rapid increase in per capita GNP from $145 in 1951 to $8,800 in 1991 has been associated with a highly equitable distribution of income.1 This accomplishment is all the more remarkable given its historical context. In the 1950s and 1960s, in response to external and internal threats, an enormous amount of resources was allocated to national defense and internal security. In addition, high underemployment and population growth rates had reached near crisis proportions in the 1950s.2 Despite many attempts to draw lessons from the ROC's experience, there is still considerable controversy over which rural-industrial linkages were most important in the Taiwan case and what the appropriate role of government should be more generally in maximizing the gains from intersectoral interactions.3 The dynamic nature of structural transformation also makes the correct sequencing of policies critical to seizing opportunities as social and economic conditions change. Many western and Taiwanese economists have stressed the importance of successful land reform in the 1950s as being a foundation and strong impetus for rapid growth in Taiwan. Others have ably documented resource transfers in and out of agriculture, growth in labor productivity, the transfer of labor from agricultural to nonagricultural activities, and the rapid rise of labor-intensive smalland medium-scale enterprises (SMEs) in the 1960s and 1970s.4 Though drawing upon this literature, this article attempts to take a fresh, integrative perspective on rural-industrial policy interactions by examining the extent to which structural transformation was connected to spillover effects (or increasing returns phenomena) due to demand-side linkages and human capital development, two less explored aspects of Taiwan's develop-
39 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the role of agriculture in economic growth and provided a new conceptual model of agriculture's role in the economic growth of poor countries, focusing on the particular focus of their empirical analysis is on Kenya.
Abstract: This report examines the role of agriculture in economic growth. The particular focus of our empirical analysis is on Kenya, though the report also adds to the existing literature by providing a new conceptual model of agriculture's role in the economic growth of poor countries. Based on the econometric simulation model developed in this study, the economic growth multiplier associated with additional agricultural income in Kenya is nearly three times the magnitude of the growth multiplier for non-agriculture. A dollar of agricultural income generates an additional $0.63 of income outside of agriculture, while a dollar of non-agricultural income generates only $0.23 of income outside of non-agriculture. This and related simulations suggest that economic growth strategies for countries like Kenya should give high priority to supporting the agricultural sector. The conceptual model presented in this study argues that agricultural productivity in particular has beneficial spillover effects for non-agricultural productivity. Previous studies have concentrated on market-based inter-sectoral linkages as the source of agriculture's contribution to economic growth. The present study adds a short list of non-market based inter-sectoral linkages through which agriculture contributes indirectly to economic growth. These linkages arise from governmental learning by doing, increased economic stability, food security, and the relative efficiency of rural household decision-making. Preliminary tests of this model for Kenya indicate that agricultural productivity contributes significantly to non-agricultural productivity. (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that introducing a new product as a brand extension can both lower the cost of introduction and create a spillover effect that depends on its realized quality level.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of spillover hydrogen in hydrotreating catalysts was investigated using CoMo/SiO2 and an amorphous silica-alumina.
Abstract: This work is a contribution to the understanding of the effect of spillover hydrogen in hydrotreating catalysts. Mixtures of sulfided CoMo/SiO2 and an amorphous silica-alumina were studied. The hydrocracking of diphenylmethane was used as a test reaction. The addition of CoMo/SiO2 to silica-alumina strongly increases the hydrocracking rate (by a factor between 4.5 and 8) and the OH-OD exchange (by a factor between 2.5 and 10 after a 20 h experiment). This is interpreted by the spillover of dissociated H2 (or D2) onto the silica-alumina, with spillover hydrogen forming Bronsted sites and spillover deuterium exchanging with OH.
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, the impact of technological change on the interdependence of sectors and countries in the EC is investigated by means of weighted Fields of Influence of column-wise changes in technical coefficients on the Leontiefinverse.
Abstract: The development of the impact of technological change on the interdependence of sectors and countries in the EC is investigated by means of weighted Fields of Influence of column-wise changes in technical coefficients on the Leontiefinverse. In this manner, the propulsiveness of the member countries' sectors is analysed and spatially decomposed into a 'domestic', an 'intercountry spillover', an 'intercountry return' and a 'rest of the EC' effect. Analogously, the reactiveness to technological change of each sector's multiplier, and the dependence on technological change of each sector's production level are analysed. JEL C67, F15, O33, O52.
TL;DR: The authors argued that taking spillover effects and strategic considerations into account leads to a more restrictive trade, investment and lending policy than would result from maximizing welfare on a country-by-country basis.
TL;DR: PODKAMINER as discussed by the authors argued that official food prices in Poland were higher than equilibrium prices, and furthermore that the administered prices of durables and services were much lower than their equilibrium prices.
Abstract: PODKAMINER (1987) argued that official food prices in Poland were higher than equilibrium prices, and furthermore that the administered prices of durables and services were much lower than their equilibrium prices. Observed excess demand for food (e.g. queues)' were the result of the spillover of excess demand from other consumer markets into food. This contradicted the conventional wisdom which was
TL;DR: In this paper, returns to investments in potato research were estimated for the United States and six sub-regions, and the rate of return to investments was estimated at 79% for potato research in the U.S.
Abstract: Returns to investments in potato research were estimated for the United States and six subregions. The study combines time-series and cross-sectional data to estimate the supply response for potatoes. Two research variables, research within the state and within the region, were included as exogenous variables to identify spillovers of research results. The rate of return to investments in potato research in the U.S. is estimated at 79%. Of this, 31 % accrues to states conducting the research and 69% is accounted for by the spillover effects.
TL;DR: Using cross-industry data from 1988, the authors investigated the impact of R&D diversification, resource cost, the importance of basic research, and the existence of foreign competitors on Japanese firms' decisions to engage in cooperative research with other firms.
TL;DR: This paper argued that the spillover effects of multinational corporations will in fact reduce employment in the multinational sector and increase employment in local sector, thereby increasing overall employment and income in the host country.
TL;DR: This paper examined the effect of various types of airline wage concessions on stock market value and found that capital markets respond positively to wage cuts but not significantly to wage freezes or two-tier settlements.
Abstract: This paper examines the effect of the announcement of various types of airline wage concessions on stock market value. Our results show that capital markets respond positively to wage cuts but not significantly to wage freezes or two-tier settlements. However, a significant intraindustry spillover effect from two-tier agreements was found that suggests that concessions by one carrier decreases the value of the remaining carriers. The results also vary by craft, indicating that labor market and institutional characteristics influence market response.
TL;DR: ZSM-5 as discussed by the authors ) is an H-ZSM model that is used in the ZSM-2O3 platform. But it is not suitable for outdoor applications.
Abstract: 反応機構の解明と触媒設計へのスピルオーバー, 逆スピルオーバー現象の応用例を筆者らの研究を中心に紹介する。活性炭上のパラフィンの脱水素反応は金属, あるいはその硫化物の添加により著しく促進された。添加物そのものは脱水素活性を持たないことから, それらが活性炭上の水素の気相への脱離を促進することにより脱水素活性が向上したものと説明される。ZSM-5による低級パラフィンの芳香族化反応も水素の逆スピルオーバーにより促進され, Ga/Al2O3とH-ZSM-5を物理混合した触媒ではGa担持触媒と同等の活性, 選択性が得られた。スピルオーバー, 逆スピルオーバーシステムの水素を反応に利用することも可能である。金属担持活性炭を触媒とする水素移行型重質油分解ではナフテン炭化水素の脱水素により生成した水素が硫黄化合物, 炭化水素ラジカル等に移行することにより低水素消費量で高品質の留出油が得られた。パラフィンの異性化, トルエンの不均化, あるいは水素化分解のような水素共存下の酸触媒反応はゼオライトへの金属触媒のハイブリッド化により促進された。スピルオーバーによりゼオライト上に導入された水素により酸点が形成されたと結論される。
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined 1986-1990 Medicare FFS expenditures at the county and MSA levels, coupled with county-and MSA-level measures of HMO market share.
Abstract: Increasing levels of HMO activity may influence health expenditures in other sectors of the market. Medicare provides FFS coverage to the majority of its beneficiaries and may thus provide a way of examining these so-called spillover effects. This paper examines 1986-1990 Medicare FFS expenditures at the county- and MSA- levels, coupled with county- and MSA-level measures of HMO market share. Fixed-effects and IV estimates of the relationship between market share and expenditures are presented. All of the models imply that FFS expenditures are concave in market share and that expenditures are decreasing in market share for market shares above about 18%. Many of the estimates suggest that expenditures become decreasing in market share at much lower levels (between 0% and 10%). Fixed-effects estimates imply that increases in market share from 20 to 30 percent would be associated with expenditure reductions of 3.4% -6.6% in Part A expenditures and 2.5% - 5.6% in Part B expenditures. IV estimates imply larger responses. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that managed care can affect non-managed-care expenditures.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss alternative marketing strategies for spillover benefits in two industries: business education and the theatrical arts, using matching agents and price bundling for marketing the spillover benefit from the consumption of theatrical events.
Abstract: In spite of world-wide movements towards market systems, public provision and subsidy still dominate those industries which produce goods and services whose consumption yields spillover or external benefits. After briefly critiquing some assumptions and outcomes of such non-market policies as direct subsidy, compulsory exchange, public provision, and access control, the paper discusses alternative marketing strategies for spillover benefits in two industries: business education and the theatrical arts. Horizontal cooperative promotion appears to be a viable Strategy for marketing the spillover benefits of business education. The use of matching agents and price bundling appear to be promising strategies for marketing the spillover benefits from the consumption of theatrical events. Although many such spillover benefits are uncertain and symbolic, the establishment of property rights in these benefits may help facilitate the use of marketing alternatives to non-market policies.
Posted Content•
TL;DR: The authors analyzes when monetary union is a good substitute for the inability to commit in the monetary policy game and shows that monetary union can improve the outcome of monetary policy games by improving the outcomes of the game.
Abstract: Recent research in contract theory views ownership as a substitute for complete contracts Here, this approach is applied to monetary integration Countries face a coordination problem conducting monetary policy Negative spillovers ensure uncoordinated policy generates too high inflation Ex ante, policymakers can undertake politically costly economic reform This has a positive spillover because it improves the outcome of the monetary policy game Ex post contracting over policy may be possible, but it supposed that ex ante contracting over reform and monetary policy is not This paper analyzes when monetary union is a good substitute for this inability to commit(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item)
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed that as both ASEAN and China move on to higher tiers of manufacturing, there will be enough room for complementarily in their economic relationship via greater intra-industry trade, greater FDI to each other and spillover effects arising from the actions of third parties.
Abstract: In recent years, the Chinese economy has grown dramatically largely as a result of China commitment to open up its economy to the rest of the world and adopt more market-oriented policies. How ASEAN-China economic relations develop depends on many factors including the ability of either or both to attract FDI which will induce the correct path of industrial restructing. There is reason to believe that as both ASEAN and China move on to higher tiers of manufacturing, there will be enough room for complementarily in their economic relationship via greater intra-industry trade, greater FDI to each other, and spillover effects arising from the actions of third parties.
TL;DR: In this paper, the welfare effects of a host developing country under closed economies, unrestricted foreign direct investment, and the policy of minimum local ownership requirements are compared, and a developing country's worry is confirmed: introduction of competition from foreign firms may not improve the welfare of the host country.
Abstract: A general equilibriumm model of a foreign multinational enterprise's decisions on establishing a wholly-owned subsidiary or forming a joint venture is built on firm-specific knowledge and plant-specific knowledge when there are intraindustry and interindustry technology spillovers. The welfare effects of a host developing country under closed economies, unrestricted foreign direct investment, and the policy of minimum local ownership requirements are compared. A developing country's worry is confirmed: Introduction of competition from foreign firms may not improve the welfare of the host country. However, the minimum local ownership requirement is Pareto-superior to a closed economy.
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of government spending on growth depend on the size of public "spillovers" relative to lobbying, and the spillover effects are small and lobbying effects large in less democratic societies as informational asymmetries facilitate purely rent-seeking activities.
Abstract: Based on an endogenous model in which government spending responds to lobbying, the effects of spending on growth depend on the size of public 'spillovers' relative to lobbying. The spillover effects are small and lobbying effects large in less democratic societies as informational 'asymmetries' facilitate purely rent-seeking activities. Thus, the growth effects of government spending are fewer the less democratic societies are. Cross-sectional evidence supports this hypothesis in two different samples, when MENA countries are included. Focusing on the MENA group, a larger impact of government spending on growth is found, relative to other developing economies, but not relative to industrial economies. Among the MENA countries evidence partly supports this democracy hypothesis.
Journal Article•