Showing papers on "Stressor published in 1997"
Book•
15 Jan 1997
TL;DR: The Psychosocial Models of Health and Disease The Standard Biomedical Model and New Approaches to Medicine A Biobehavioral Model of Disease and Treatment Placebo Effects Psychoneuroimmunology Cultural, Intrapersonal, and Physiological Influences in Coronary Heart Disease psychosocial Theories of disease and treatment.
Abstract: Chapter 1: Psychosocial Models of Health and Disease The Standard Biomedical Model and New Approaches to Medicine A Biobehavioral Model of Disease and Treatment Placebo Effects Psychoneuroimmunology Cultural, Intrapersonal, and Physiological Influences in Coronary Heart Disease Psychosocial Theories of Disease and Treatment The Foundation of Behavioral Medicine Chapter 2: History of the Concept of Stress The Age of Enlightenment and the Emergence of Scientific Thought Descartes and the Mechanical Model of Living Things The Worldview and Premises of Modern Science The Mind-Body problem Claude Bernard and the Modern Biomedical Model Claude Bernard and the Vitalists Walter Cannon Definition of Stress Hans Selye The Concept of Allostasis Additional Considerations on the Stress Concept Chapter 3: Homeostatic Regulation: Normal Function and Stress Responses A Hierarchy of Homeostatic Controls Intrinsic Control Mechanisms Autonomic Controls Over Homeostasis Three Autonomic Divisions Coordinated Actions of the Autonomic Branches Higher Controls Over Homeostasis The Hypothalamus and Emotional Expression Endocrine Responses During Stress Adrenomedullary Response Adrenocortical Response Negative Feedback by Cortisol Cortisol During Stress Beta-endorphin Chapter 4: Physical and Psychological Stress Classes of Stress Responses The Exercise Response Exercise and Adaptation to Stress The Fight-or-Flight Response Different Emotions and Motivations Accompany Exercise and the Fight-Flight Response Why Is Exercise Considered Good If It Is a Stressor? Psychological Stress The Responses to Aversive and Nonaversive Challenges Exposure to Noise and Shock Activation and Distress Chapter 5: Central Nervous System Integration of the Psychological Stress Response Appraisals, Psychological Stress, and Negative Emotions Primary and Secondary Appraisals Outcomes of Coping Efforts and Physiological Responses Central Integration of the Response to Psychological Stress The Limbic System and Associated Parts of the Brain Primary Appraisals: Sensory Intake and Interpretation of the Environment What Is It? And Where Is It? Cognition and Emotion: Generating Emotions Based on Appraisal Processes Prefrontal-Limbic Interactions and Thoughts and Feelings Secondary Appraisals: How Well Did Our Coping Attempt Work? Physiological Correlates of Primary and Secondary Appraisal Processes Internal Sources of Amygdaloid Activity and Internally Generated Emotional Responses Initiation of Behavioral, Autonomic, and Neuroendocrine Responses to Psychological Stressors Feedback to the Cortex and Limbic System: The Central Feedback Subsystem Autonomic and Endocrine Outflow: The Emotional Response Subsystem Chapter 6: Stress and the Endocrine System Overview of Stress Endocrine Regulation Activation of Stress Endocrine Secretion and the Central Corticotropin-Releasing Factor System Cortisol's Feedback Actions in the Central Nervous System Cortisol Effects on Frontal-Limbic Activity Amygdala Responses to Cortisol and Altered Responsivity of the Central Nervous System Amygdala Sensitization and Potential Implications for Health The Hypothalamic-Sympatho-Adrenomedullary Axis Stress Endocrine Secretion and Regulation of Long-Term Stress Reactivity Hierarchy of Autonomic and Endocrine Controls Over Homeostasis Leading to Long-Term Memory Formation Recap: How Ideas Come to Have Power Over Our Bodies Chapter 7: The Immune System Stress and Behavior Overview of the Immune System Structural Components of the Immune System Immune System Cells Immune System Messengers Innate Resistance Acquired Immunity and Establishment of Immune System Memory The Behavior-Immune Interface Behavior-Immune Interactions and Health Indicators Stress Buffers, Positive Emotions, and Physical Health Chapter 8: Helplessness Coping and Health Death Due to Uncontrollable Stress Helplessness and Exposure to Uncontrollable Stress Studies of Ulceration in Rats "Learned Helplessness" and the Consequences of Lack of Control Lazarus's Model of Psychological Stress and Helplessness Central Neurotransmitters and Severe Stress Uncontrollable Shock, Norepinephrine, and Depression Serotonin Mechanisms Emotions and Health Chapter 9: Genes, Stress, and Behavior Early Life Experience, Epigenetic Programming of Gene Expression, and Stress Reactivity A Rat Model of Early Experience, Development, and Responses to Stress Maternal Separation and Neglect Nurturing by Rat Mothers is Increased by Brief Separation Genotype, Genetic Vulnerability to Early Life Adversity, and Psychobehavioral Outcomes in Humans Chapter 10: Individual Differences in Reactivity to Stress A Proposed Classification of Individual Differences in Reactivity Persons May Differ in Stress Reactivity Because of Inborn Factors or Experience Individual Differences in Stress Responses May be Conditioned by Functional Alterations at Three Levels in the System Individual Differences in Evaluative and Emotional Processes-Level I Individual Differences in Hypothalamic and Brainstem Responses to Stress-Level II Individual Differences in Peripheral Responses to Stress-Level III Chapter 11: Health Implications of Exaggerated and Blunted Stress Reactivity Reactivity Tests in Medicine Health Outcomes Related to Exaggerated Cardiovascular and Endocrine Reactivity Individual Differences in Level I Reactivity and Health Implications Individual Differences in Level II Reactivity: Cardiovascular Reactivity as a Mediator of Disease Risk Individual Differences in Level III Reactivity and Disease Blunted Stress Reactivity and Health Early Life Adversity and Blunted Stress Reactivity Early Life Adversity, Psychological Characteristics, Cognition, and Behavioral Regulation Early Life Adversity and Low Versus High Stress Reactivity: Unanswered Questions Blunted Stress Reactivity, Social Adversity, and Health Discussion Exaggerated Reactivity and Disease Blunted Reactivity and Disease Family Dysfunction, Socioeconomic Status, Neighborhood Characteristics, and Health Outcomes Chapter 12: Behavior, Stress, and Health The Historical Dilemma of Mind-Body Dualism Matter and Behavior Behavioral Medicine in Relation to Traditional Medicine Systems Organization and Stress Psychological Stress and Its Consequences Stress and Behavioral Medicine Stress, Stress Reduction, and Improved health
414 citations
TL;DR: A review of the clinical presentation, assessment, and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children can be found in this article, where a variety of factors influence response to trauma and affect recovery.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To review current knowledge about the clinical presentation, assessment, and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children. METHOD: The literature on PTSD in children is examined. RESULTS: Over the past 10 years, PTSD has been described in children exposed to a variety of traumatic experiences. Little is known about the epidemiology of the disorder in children. Partial symptomatology and comorbidity are common. A variety of factors influence response to trauma and affect recovery. They include characteristics of the stressor and exposure to it; individual factors such as gender, age and developmental level, and psychiatric history; family characteristics; and cultural factors. Since the condition is likely to occur after disaster situations, much of the literature describes the child's response to disaster and interventions tend to include efforts within schools and/or communities. A number of clinical approaches have been used to treat the condition. CONCLUSIONS: While assessment has been studied extensively, the longitudinal course of PTSD and treatment effectiveness have not been. Biological correlates of the condition also warrant greater attention. Language: en
377 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of studies dealing with dogs subjected to stressors is presented, where the reported stress responses are categorized as being behavioural, physiological or immunological, and demonstrate the various ways stress is manifested in the dog.
355 citations
TL;DR: This paper reviewed the literature on stress, coping, risk, and resilience in children, little of which is reflected in the social welfare literature, and found a consistent relation between exposure to a wide variety of stressors or risk factors and child and adolescent wellbeing.
Abstract: In this article, we review the literature on stress, coping, risk, and resilience in children, little of which is reflected in the social welfare literature. A consistent relation has been found between exposure to a wide variety of stressors or risk factors and child and adolescent well-being. However, some youth are more resilient and able to overcome adversity. Resiliency is tied to protective factors such as parental management and social support that moderate the effects of risk and stress. Interventions to reduce risk and promote coping and resilience in children and adolescents are discussed.
325 citations
TL;DR: It seems that the experience of a major stressor sensitizes the animal to subsequent stressors, indicating that a single experience with a major Stressor in the form of social defeat may have long-term consequences ranging from hours to days and weeks.
310 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a physiological index of regulatory control (vagal tone) and daily reports of stress and coping were obtained from 92 college students, and the results supported the conclusion that individual differences in regulatory control interact with situational factors in influencing the prediction of stress-related responses.
Abstract: In this study, the authors examined the relations of regulatory control to adults' daily stress-related responses. A physiological index of regulatory control (vagal tone) and daily reports of stress and coping were obtained from 92 college students. The results of the study generally confirmed the prediction that individuals who are high in regulatory control were relatively unlikely to experience high levels of negative emotional arousal in response to stressors, but this relation held only for moderate- to high-intensity stressors. Moreover, under conditions of moderate to high stress, highly regulated individuals were likely to cope constructively with the stressor. Mediational analyses suggested that the relation of regulatory control to constructive coping was partially mediated by negative emotional arousal. The results support the conclusion that individual differences in regulatory control interact with situational factors in influencing the prediction of stress-related responses.
272 citations
TL;DR: A range of sources of workplace stress and a three-prong intervention strategy for managing pressures at work are explored and a number of wider policy issues are suggested, such as risk assessment, economic incentives, and specific measures to help small- and medium-sized workplaces in managing workplace stress.
258 citations
TL;DR: When persons who are undergoing chronic life stress are confronted with an acute psychological challenge, an exaggerated psychologic and peak sympathomedullary reactivity occurs that is associated with decrements in individual NK cell function and is protracted beyond termination of the stressor and sympathomed Mullary recovery.
Abstract: Objective Life stress is hypothesized to alter the dynamic regulation of the autonomic, neuroendocrine, and immune systems. This study examined the effects of antecedent chronic life stress on psychological and physiological responsivity after acute challenge with a psychological stressor. Method Using a within-subject mixed design, male volunteers with (N = 12) and without chronic life stress (N = 11) were administered a 12-minute laboratory stressor (mental arithmetic) vs a video control. Results Acute psychological stress induced subjective distress, increases of circulating concentrations of epinephrine, norepinephrine, beta-endorphin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and cortisol, and a selective redistribution of natural killer (NK) cells into the peripheral blood as compared with the video control condition. Although the two groups were almost identical at baseline in psychological, sympathetic, neuroendocrine, and immune domains, the chronic stress group showed greater subjective distress, higher peak levels of epinephrine, lower peak levels of beta-endorphin and of NK cell lysis, and a more pronounced redistribution of NK cells in response to the acute psychological challenge than the controls. Furthermore, the acute stressor induced a protracted decline in NK lysis per NK cell in the chronic stress group but had no effect in the controls. Conclusions In summary, when persons who are undergoing chronic life stress are confronted with an acute psychological challenge, an exaggerated psychologic and peak sympathomedullary reactivity occurs that is associated with decrements in individual NK cell function and is protracted beyond termination of the stressor and sympathomedullary recovery.
246 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: How parents perceived the severity of their infant's illness was the most powerful variable associated with their stress scores, and trait anxiety, desire for the pregnancy, and where and when parents first saw the baby were other variables significantly correlated with stress scores.
Abstract: A descriptive study was conducted to identify sources of parental stress in two types of NICUs. Data were collected from 212 parents and a single interview was done within three weeks of the infant's admission. Parents completed the Parental Stressor Scale: NICU, Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Life Events Scale, and Parent Questionnaire. Data extracted from the infant's chart were used to complete the Neonatal Morbidity Scale and Baby Data Sheet. Data were analyzed using multiple regression techniques. Findings indicate that mothers and fathers differed in their responses to this experience. How parents perceived the severity of their infant's illness was the most powerful variable associated with their stress scores. Trait anxiety, desire for the pregnancy, and where and when parents first saw the baby were other variables significantly correlated with stress scores.
163 citations
TL;DR: The data suggest that simply having potential access to support is sufficient to foster adaptation to stress in the absence of enacted support, and moderated cardiovascular reactivity to the acute stressor.
Abstract: The influence of the availability of social support on cardiovascular reactivity to acute psychological stress was examined. Twenty-eight men and twenty-one women performed a speech task either in a support availability or no support availability condition while measures of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate (HR) were assessed. Consistent with past research, the speech stressor was associated with significant increases in SBP, DBP, and HR. More important, the availability of social support moderated cardiovascular reactivity to the acute stressor: individuals in the support availability condition were characterized by lower SBP and DBP reactivity to the acute stressor compared to individuals in the no support availability condition. These data suggest that simply having potential access to support is sufficient to foster adaptation to stress in the absence of enacted support.
161 citations
TL;DR: Covarying D-TA, high F-TA was associated with higher levels of tension (but not worry or distraction), support seeking, proactive and problem-solving coping, as well as lower levels of proactive coping.
Abstract: Participants completed anxiety and coping diaries during 10 periods that began 7 days before an academic stressor and continued through the evening after the stressor. Profile analysis was used to examine the anxiety and coping processes in relation to 2 trait anxiety grouping variables: debilitating and facilitating test anxiety (D-TA and F-TA). Anxiety and coping changed over time, and high and low levels of D-TA and F-TA were associated with different daily patterns of anxiety and coping. Participants with a debilitative, as opposed to facilitative, trait anxiety style had lower examination scores, higher anxiety, and less problem-solving coping. Covarying F-TA, high D-TA was associated with a pattern of higher levels of tension, worry, distraction, and avoidant coping, as well as lower levels of proactive coping. Covarying D-TA, high F-TA was associated with higher levels of tension (but not worry or distraction), support seeking, proactive and problem-solving coping.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe an empirical study of occupational stress in a Scottish police force and find that the highest levels of associated stress lie in relation to organizational factors such as officers' perceptions of staff shortages, inadequate resources, time pressures, lack of communication and work overload.
Abstract: This paper describes an empirical study (n = 699) of occupational stress in a Scottish police force. The self-perceived stress associated with a variety of organizational and opearational stressors was examined along with the associated distress in the police officers in terms of symptoms of anxiety, somatic complaint, severe depression and social dysfunction. The analysis revealed that in spite of the potential that police work offers for exposure to adverse opeational situations such as violence or death, the highest levels of associated stress lie in relation to organizational factors such as officers' perceptions of staff shortages, inadequate resources, time pressures, lack of communication and work overload. Differential rates of perceived stress are reported accordng to gender, rank and working location. This paper further validates previsous research on stress in British police and addresses the situation from a Scottish perspective.
TL;DR: Results indicate that P50 suppression was sensitive to the acute stressor, the oral mental arithmetic task, and Implications of these findings for studies of P 50 suppression in schizophrenia are discussed.
Abstract: The decline in amplitude of the P50 component of the event-related potential to the second of paired clicks has been suggested as a measure of preattentional gating. Two experiments were conducted to assess the effects of attention and a psychological stressor on P50. Experiment 1 included two choice reaction time tasks designed to direct attention selectively to the first or second click in each pair. Results suggest that the N100 component was responsive to attentional manipulations, whereas P50 was not affected. Experiment 2 examined the impact of a brief psychological stressor on the P50 response. Parallel mental arithmetic tasks were administered silently and orally. Self-report and measures of autonomic activity were used to assess the level of stress occurring during the performance of the mental arithmetic tasks. Results indicate that P50 suppression was sensitive to the acute stressor, the oral mental arithmetic task. Implications of these findings for studies of P50 suppression in schizophrenia are discussed.
TL;DR: Results suggested that greater levels of CSE were related to lower emotional distress and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in both groups and greater CSE was associated with lower norepinephrine to cortisol ratios in the HIV group but not in the healthy control group.
Abstract: The importance of coping self-efficacy (CSE) appraisals on psychological and physiological functioning for HIV seropositive patients facing a severe environmental stressor was tested comparing 37 HIV-infected gay men and 42 healthy male control participants following Hurricane Andrew. Results suggested that greater levels of CSE were related to lower emotional distress and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in both groups. In addition, greater CSE was associated with lower norepinephrine to cortisol ratios in the HIV group but not in the healthy control group. Results are discussed in relation to the coping process for HIV-infected individuals specifically and chronically ill populations in general who face severe environmental stressors.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined factors that contribute to salesperson's feelings of stress and found that common situational factors (job stressors) related to the sales job contribute to the understanding of salesperson stress.
Abstract: This paper examines factors that contribute to salespersons’ feelings of stress. Common situational factors (job stressors) related to the sales job are examined for their contribution to the understanding of salesperson stress. Locus of control is examined as a moderator of the stressor - stress relationship. Implications for managers and researchers are presented.
TL;DR: It is suggested that both hardiness and direct-active coping approaches can be used independently or in concert to reduce burnout.
TL;DR: This article investigated whether nonclinically anxious children, like anxious adults, favor the processing of threatening or concern-related information and found that high anxious children showed a processing bias for generally threatening information.
TL;DR: The results suggest the importance of measuring background stress in understanding an individual's acute stress response and suggest that children and adolescents who reported important stressors or stressors that were ongoing and frequent exhibited a larger increase in diastolic blood pressure and total peripheral resistance than their low stress counterparts.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Does background stress heighten or dampen children's cardiovascular responses to acute stress? METHOD: To address this question, the cardiovascular responses to four acute laboratory stressors of 150 children and adolescents were evaluated according to their self-reported background stress level. Background stress was determined during a standardized interview and was a priori classified according to its importance, frequency, and whether it was ongoing or resolved. RESULTS: Results showed that children and adolescents who reported important stressors or stressors that were ongoing and frequent exhibited a larger increase in diastolic blood pressure and total peripheral resistance during all four laboratory stressors than their low stress counterparts. Additional analysis showed that the results could not be accounted for by sociodemographic variables or by the personality traits measured in this study. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest the importance of measuring background stress in understanding an individual's acute stress response.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the results of an analysis of questionnaire and interview data revealing significant differences in occupational stress between groups of public school teachers, in New South Wales, Australia, emphasizing the importance of differentiating between executive and classroom teachers, primary/infants and secondary teachers, teachers at different career stages and teachers in geographical locations.
Abstract: Presents the results of an analysis of questionnaire and interview data revealing significant differences in occupational stress between groups of public school teachers, in New South Wales, Australia. In particular, emphasizes the importance of differentiating between executive and classroom teachers, primary/infants and secondary teachers, teachers at different career stages and teachers in geographical locations, when planning to alleviate stress in the future. The fact that primary/infants teachers reported greater stress attributable to student misbehaviour than secondary teachers reinforces the need to distinguish between the perceived “objective strength” of a stressor and the degree of distress felt by a teacher.
TL;DR: The authors argue that stress can be perceived as a state where a feedback-regulated motivational system cannot be downregulated owing to insufficient feedback, i.e. the system is on "open loop".
TL;DR: It may be that women with bulimic symptoms are not differentially vulnerable to eating in response to stress or that current laboratory paradigms are unable to detect differences in eating following a stressor.
Abstract: Objective: This study examined the effects of an interpersonal stressor on subsequent calorie intake in females with (N=20) and without (N = 20) significant bulimic symptomatology.Method: Subjects participated in two laboratory sessions that differed according to experimental condition (stress versus no stress), completed self-report measures of mood and anxiety before and after the experimental task, and were provided with an array of snack foods after each session.Results: Counter to the hypothesis, women with bulimic symptoms did not differentially increase their intake when exposed to stress. However, results for the intake of each macronutrient indicated that both bulimic and control women increased their consumption of carbohydrates following the stressor. Thus, stress was related to increased carbohydrate consumption by all subjects but did not differentially affect the consumption of women with bulimic symptoms.Conclusions: It may be that women with bulimic symptoms are not differentially vulnerable to eating in response to stress or that current laboratory paradigms are unable to detect differences in eating following a stressor.
TL;DR: Results of analyzing multiple Stressor effects using a brook trout population dynamics model indicate that effect predictions based on summing the effects of individual stressors result in substantial under-estimation of stressor effects.
TL;DR: Support protocols are provided to address the need for environmental acclimation and calming procedures prior to any stress‐related studies (including, for rats, handling of the animals as a calming measure) and to detail a simple method of quantifying the response to a given stressor by direct measurement of levels of the stress hormones adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone.
Abstract: This unit presents eight separate stressor protocols for laboratory rodents. Stress induction is a critical element in the study of neural and neuroendocrine mechanisms involved in establishing and maintaining a state of stress. The first four procedures, immobilization, footshock, swimming, and noise, involve acute exposure to noxious stimuli. The next three procedures, social isolation, resident/intruder aggression, and maternal deprivation, induce social disruption by withdrawal from a group housing condition, attack within the unfamiliar territory of a dominant male, or segregation of a preweanling pup from its mother, respectively. The final procedure, sleep deprivation, involves passive denial of the opportunity to sleep. Support protocols are provided to address the need for environmental acclimation and calming procedures prior to any stress-related studies (including, for rats, handling of the animals as a calming measure) and to detail a simple method of quantifying the response to a given stressor by direct measurement of levels of the stress hormones adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Thirty Chinese mothers of adult children with moderate to severe mental retardation were interviewed to explore the source and nature of their stress and social support, and tangible support was regarded as more useful than informational support for controllable stress.
Abstract: Thirty Chinese mothers of adult children with moderate to severe mental retardation were interviewed to explore the source and nature of their stress and social support Results revealed child-related and parent-related stress specific to these mothers The most common stressors were future planning and behavioral problems of the target offspring Mothers received tangible, emotional, and informational support mainly from family members and training center staff Some evidence was also found for the optimal-matching model of stress appraisal and social support Regardless of the duration of stress, all forms of support were perceived as equally useful for uncontrollable stress, whereas tangible support was regarded as more useful than informational support for controllable stress
TL;DR: A significant portion of an EMT's job satisfaction and psychological well-being is associated with the degree to which they are experiencing job-related stress, and this distress level appears to be clinically elevated.
Abstract: Introduction:Although several studies link job-related stressors with adverse reactions among emergency medical technicians (EMTs), more standardized research is needed, since much remains unknown about stress responses, coping styles and their consequences for EMTs. This paper presents the results of two studies. Study I investigated the relation between job-related stressors, job satisfaction, and psychological distress, while Study II investigated how coping is related to occupational burnout, job-related stress, and physiological arousal.Hypothesis:Study I: Those EMTs experiencing greater job-related stressors are less satisfied with their jobs and more psychologically distressed.Objective, Study II:To obtain preliminary information about which coping strategies are associated with greater feelings of stress and burnout and more intense autonomic nervous system reactivity.Methods:For both studies, EMTs from a large, urban, public EMS organization in the southern United States were asked to participate. Study I: Subjects completed an informed consent document, a demographics questionnaire, a measure of job stress (the Stress Diagnosis Inventory), a measure of job satisfaction (Job-in-General), and a measure of psychological symptomatology (Symptom Checklist-90, Revised). Pearson product-moment correlations were computed between the measures. Study II: Subjects completed an informed consent document, a demographics/information sheet, the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), and the Ways of Coping Scale (WOCS). They then completed 30 days of monitoring using the Daily Stress Inventory (DSI) and the Daily Autonomic Nervous System Response Inventory (DANSRI). Pearson product-moment correlations were computed between the measures.Results:Study I: Those EMTs who experienced greater job-related stress also were significantly more dissatisfied with their jobs, more depressed, anxious, hostile, and endorsed greater global psychological distress. Study IT. The Depersonalization subscale on the MBI correlated significantly with the following WOCS subscales: Accepting Responsibility, Confrontive Coping, Distancing, and Escape/Avoidance. Emotional Exhaustion on the MBI correlated significantly with Confrontive Coping, Escape/Avoidance, and Social Support, while data obtained on the 40 subjects who completed the daily monitoring revealed that DSI-Impact, DANSRI-Number, and DANSRI-Impact scores each correlated significantly with Accepting Responsibility, Confrontive Coping, and Escape/Avoidance.Conclusion:A significant portion of an EMT's job satisfaction and psychological well-being is associated with the degree to which they are experiencing job-related stress, and, furthermore, this distress level appears to be clinically elevated. This implies that in-service programs and psychological support services designed to help EMTs manage their job-related stress may improve job satisfaction and decrease psychological distress. The coping styles most consistently associated with maladaptive outcomes were: Accepting Responsibility, Confrontive Coping, and Escape/Avoidance. Thus, subjects who were more likely to handle stress with self-blame, aggression, hostility, and risk taking or with wishful thinking, escape tendencies, and avoidance were more likely to endorse more negative outcomes.
TL;DR: The results suggest that appraisal and coping or stress management components may be useful in treatment packages for individuals who binge eat.
Abstract: Objective
The objective of this study was to investigate whether individuals who engage in binge eating appraise and cope with stressful situations in a different manner than people who do not regularly binge eat. Method: Female undergraduates participated in a two-part study. The laboratory portion of the study involved participation in two tasks: an interpersonal stressor and an academic stressor. In the second portion of the study, participants completed a daily stress inventory for 1 week. Results: Individuals in the binge group appraised both the laboratory and natural environment stressors as more stressful than did the controls. Differences were evident in the amount an type of coping strategies used between eating groups. The binge group reported using more positive coping strategies and more catastrophizing in both settings. Discussion: Together, the results suggest that appraisal and coping or stress management components may be useful in treatment packages for individuals who binge eat. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
TL;DR: It is concluded that panic disorder patients have a higher degree of activation compared with normal controls, which is evident regarding levels of electrodermal activity and norepinephrine secretion.
Abstract: Physiological (heart rate, blood pressure, electrodermal activity), biochemical (epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol) and subjective parameters (self-rating score) of 33 patients with panic disorder (diagnoses according to DSM-III-R) before, during and after stress exposure were compared with those of healthy controls. As stressors a video containing frightening scenes (FS), mental arithmetic (MA), a video documenting a patient suffering from a panic attack (PA) and an improvised speech (IS) were applied. We found significantly higher baseline levels of electrodermal activity (EDA) and norepinephrine (NE) secretion and a subsequent further increase during stress exposure in panic disorder patients as compared with normal controls. The most potent stressors during the trial proved to be mental arithmetics and improvised speech, which was evident in both groups. The situation panic attack video appeared to be a "panic disorder patient-specific" stressor; here we noticed the most pronounced reactions in the patient group. Panic disorder patients had significantly higher self-rating scores of the parameters panicky feelings, anxiety and nervousness at the beginning and throughout the investigation. We conclude that panic disorder patients have a higher degree of activation compared with normal controls, which is evident regarding levels of electrodermal activity and norepinephrine secretion. Furthermore, the panic attack video appears to be a panic disorder patient-specific stressor.
TL;DR: The findings were consistent with self-reports that hunger and negative affect can precipitate headaches in individuals who suffer from both migraine and tension-type headaches, but were not conclusive with respect to whether the trigger factors operated by means of a common biological pathway.
Abstract: This study sought to experimentally validate 2 self-reported trigger factors of headaches, namely negative affect (anxiety, depression, and anger) and hunger, and to investigate whether these triggers activated the same or different physiological mechanisms. Students (38 women and 18 men) who had suffered from frequent headaches (migraine or tension type) for 6 months or more were randomly assigned to 4 conditions, which involved manipulating hunger by means of 19 hr of food deprivation and negative affect by means of a stressor (difficult to solve anagrams). The findings were consistent with self-reports that hunger and negative affect can precipitate headaches in individuals who suffer from both migraine and tension-type headaches. The physiological responses to the experimental conditions differed, but the findings were not conclusive with respect to whether the trigger factors operated by means of a common biological pathway.
TL;DR: A conceptual model of adaptation to illness/treatment and quality of life in cancer and especially bone marrow transplant patients is presented and can help health professionals, and nurses in particular, to develop their own assessment tools and plan care and/or interventions based on such a holistic assessment.
Abstract: A conceptual model of adaptation to illness/treatment and quality of life in cancer and especially bone marrow transplant patients is presented. The process from the diagnosis of a life-threatening disease to adaptation to it is divided into five stages. This process starts with the initial stimuli (stressor) and the appraisal/perception of that as a threat (stage I), and continues with the reaction to the stressors, if it is perceived as a threat (stage II). This is the time that, if manipulation of the stressor with appropriate interventions occurs, prevention of ineffective coping and/or maladjustment to illness is possible. The third stage refers to the coping with the illness (adaptive or maladaptive coping), followed by the degree of adaptation to illness and satisfaction with daily life (quality of life). Depending on interventions applied at this stage, the outcome can be either adjustment to illness or maladjustment and low quality of life (final stage). In every stage of the process, certain physiological, psychological, social and developmental variables are important, and these are described, based on research findings. Assessment of these variables is necessary for more effective planning of care and application of nursing interventions. Such a model can provide a conceptual framework for the assessment and evaluation of quality of life in cancer/bone marrow transplant patients and can help health professionals, and nurses in particular, to develop their own assessment tools and plan care and/or interventions based on such a holistic assessment.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors fill a gap in the sales literature by focusing on an acute stressor, loss of a major sale or account, and by providing a framework to study sales relationship dissolution as a negative life event.