Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism.

Soil Chemical Analysis

We redescribe the only previously known species of Myrsidea from bulbuls, M. pycnonoti Eichler. Sixteen new species are described; they and their type hosts are: M. phillipsi ex Pycnonotus goiavier goiavier (Scopoli), M. gieferi ex P. goiavier suluensis Mearns, M. kulpai ex P. flavescens Blyth, M. finlaysoni ex P. finlaysoni Strickland, M. kathleenae ex P. cafer (L.), M. warwicki ex Ixos philippinus (J. R. Forster), M. mcclurei ex Microscelis amaurotis (Temminck), M. zeylanici ex P. zeylanicus (Gmelin), M. plumosi ex P. plumosus Blyth, M. eutiloti ex P. eutilotus (Jardine and Selby), M. adamsae ex P. urostictus (Salvadori), M. ochracei ex Criniger ochraceus F. Moore, M. borbonici ex Hypsipetes borbonicus (J. R. Forster), M. johnsoni ex P. atriceps (Temminck), M. palmai ex C. ochraceus, and M. claytoni ex P. eutilotus. A key is provided for the identification of these 17 species.

A new species

: The unpolarized absorption and circular dichroism spectra of the fundamental vibrational transitions of the chiral molecule, 4-methyl-2-oxetanone, are calculated ab initio. Harmonic force fields are obtained using Density Functional Theory (DFT), MP2, and SCF methodologies and a 5S4P2D/3S2P (TZ2P) basis set. DFT calculations use the Local Spin Density Approximation (LSDA), BLYP, and Becke3LYP (B3LYP) density functionals. Mid-IR spectra predicted using LSDA, BLYP, and B3LYP force fields are of significantly different quality, the B3LYP force field yielding spectra in clearly superior, and overall excellent, agreement with experiment. The MP2 force field yields spectra in slightly worse agreement with experiment than the B3LYP force field. The SCF force field yields spectra in poor agreement with experiment.The basis set dependence of B3LYP force fields is also explored: the 6-31G* and TZ2P basis sets give very similar results while the 3-21G basis set yields spectra in substantially worse agreements with experiment. jg

Ab initio calculation of vibrational absorption and circular dichroism spectra using density functional force fields

Fusarium species, particularly Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum, are the main cause of trichothecene type B contamination in cereals. Data on the distribution of Fusarium trichothecene genotypes in cereals in Europe are scattered in time and space. Furthermore, a common core set of related variables (sampling method, host cultivar, previous crop, etc.) that would allow more effective analysis of factors influencing the spatial and temporal population distribution, is lacking. Consequently, based on the available data, it is difficult to identify factors influencing chemotype distribution and spread at the European level. Here we describe the results of a collaborative integrated work which aims (1) to characterize the trichothecene genotypes of strains from three Fusarium species, collected over the period 2000–2013 and (2) to enhance the standardization of epidemiological data collection. Information on host plant, country of origin, sampling location, year of sampling and previous crop of 1147 F. graminearum, 479 F. culmorum, and 3 F. cortaderiae strains obtained from 17 European countries was compiled and a map of trichothecene type B genotype distribution was plotted for each species. All information on the strains was collected in a freely accessible and updatable database (www.catalogueeu.luxmcc.lu), which will serve as a starting point for epidemiological analysis of potential spatial and temporal trichothecene genotype shifts in Europe. The analysis of the currently available European dataset showed that in F. graminearum, the predominant genotype was 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) (82.9%), followed by 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON) (13.6%), and nivalenol (NIV) (3.5%). In F. culmorum, the prevalent genotype was 3-ADON (59.9%), while the NIV genotype accounted for the remaining 40.1%. Both, geographical and temporal patterns of trichothecene genotypes distribution were identified.

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A European Database of Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum Trichothecene Genotypes

WITHDRAWN: Neokalmusia didymospora sp. nov. (Didymosphaeriaceae) from bamboo

Eight antagonistic fungi; Chaetomium spp., Aspergillus versicolar, A. terreus, Talaromyces (Penicillium) wortmanni, Epicoccum sp., Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum and T. hamatum were isolated from sclerotia of R. solani infested tomatoes growing under greenhouse in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. T. hamatum, T. harzianum, T. viride and A. terreus were the most antagonistic against R. solani by 94.44, 93.89, 92.22 and 75.22% reduction in mycelia growth, respectively. Where, A. terreus and T. viride were found to affect sclerotial viability of R. solani, caused 100% mortality of sclerotia. Greenhouse tests showed that the most effective treatment was the amendment of pathogen-infested soil by T. hamatum and T. viride which resulted in a disease severity of 12.50 and 12.90%, respectively compared to controls. Application of bioagents soil fungi significantly increased biomass of total fresh weight. The highest of biomass% (47.02) was observed in T. harzianum and the lowest biomass% (2.86) was obtained with A. terreus.

Biological Control of Root Rots and Stems Canker of Tomato Plants Caused by Rhizoctonia solani in Saudi Arabia

/pdf/effect-of-denitrifying-bacterial-biomass-and-carbon-sources-4oc3hwkfb3.pdf

Effect of Denitrifying Bacterial Biomass and Carbon Sources on Nitrate Removal

MOFs-derived niobium oxide nanoparticles/carbon nanofiber hybrid paper as flexible binder-free electrode for solid-state asymmetric supercapacitors

The cellular fatty acid composition of nine species of Fusarium; namely, Fusariumanthophilum, F. avenaceum, F. cerealis, F. graminearum, F. graminum, F. oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans, F. pseudograminearum, F. roseum and F. sacchari var. elongatumgrowing on malt extract medium were determined. The fatty acid profiles of the investigated fungi showed very little variation and could only differentiate between few species. However, by adding certain chemical compounds including aspartic acid, glutamic acid, methionine, selenium and urea to the growth medium, the variation of the fatty acid profile was greatly increased and differentiated between all the investigated fungi. For example, pentadecanoic acid was not produced by F. anthophilum on malt extract broth (MEB) but only produced on MEB supplemented with aspartic acid. On the other hand, linolenic fatty acid was neither produced by F. anthophilum nor F. roseumgrown on MEB, but it was produced by F. anthophilum in presence of aspartic acid and byF. roseum in the presence of glutamic acid. The fatty acid profiles could be useful for characterization and identification of fungi if determined under different conditions.

	 

	Key words: Fungal chemotaxonomy; fatty acids; Fusarium spp.; environmental conditions.

Ali H. Bahkali

Papers

WITHDRAWN: Neokalmusia didymospora sp. nov. (Didymosphaeriaceae) from bamboo

Biological Control of Root Rots and Stems Canker of Tomato Plants Caused by Rhizoctonia solani in Saudi Arabia

Effect of Denitrifying Bacterial Biomass and Carbon Sources on Nitrate Removal

MOFs-derived niobium oxide nanoparticles/carbon nanofiber hybrid paper as flexible binder-free electrode for solid-state asymmetric supercapacitors

Developments in using fatty acids in fungal chemotaxonomy