Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism.

Soil Chemical Analysis

We redescribe the only previously known species of Myrsidea from bulbuls, M. pycnonoti Eichler. Sixteen new species are described; they and their type hosts are: M. phillipsi ex Pycnonotus goiavier goiavier (Scopoli), M. gieferi ex P. goiavier suluensis Mearns, M. kulpai ex P. flavescens Blyth, M. finlaysoni ex P. finlaysoni Strickland, M. kathleenae ex P. cafer (L.), M. warwicki ex Ixos philippinus (J. R. Forster), M. mcclurei ex Microscelis amaurotis (Temminck), M. zeylanici ex P. zeylanicus (Gmelin), M. plumosi ex P. plumosus Blyth, M. eutiloti ex P. eutilotus (Jardine and Selby), M. adamsae ex P. urostictus (Salvadori), M. ochracei ex Criniger ochraceus F. Moore, M. borbonici ex Hypsipetes borbonicus (J. R. Forster), M. johnsoni ex P. atriceps (Temminck), M. palmai ex C. ochraceus, and M. claytoni ex P. eutilotus. A key is provided for the identification of these 17 species.

A new species

: The unpolarized absorption and circular dichroism spectra of the fundamental vibrational transitions of the chiral molecule, 4-methyl-2-oxetanone, are calculated ab initio. Harmonic force fields are obtained using Density Functional Theory (DFT), MP2, and SCF methodologies and a 5S4P2D/3S2P (TZ2P) basis set. DFT calculations use the Local Spin Density Approximation (LSDA), BLYP, and Becke3LYP (B3LYP) density functionals. Mid-IR spectra predicted using LSDA, BLYP, and B3LYP force fields are of significantly different quality, the B3LYP force field yielding spectra in clearly superior, and overall excellent, agreement with experiment. The MP2 force field yields spectra in slightly worse agreement with experiment than the B3LYP force field. The SCF force field yields spectra in poor agreement with experiment.The basis set dependence of B3LYP force fields is also explored: the 6-31G* and TZ2P basis sets give very similar results while the 3-21G basis set yields spectra in substantially worse agreements with experiment. jg

Ab initio calculation of vibrational absorption and circular dichroism spectra using density functional force fields

Fusarium species, particularly Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum, are the main cause of trichothecene type B contamination in cereals. Data on the distribution of Fusarium trichothecene genotypes in cereals in Europe are scattered in time and space. Furthermore, a common core set of related variables (sampling method, host cultivar, previous crop, etc.) that would allow more effective analysis of factors influencing the spatial and temporal population distribution, is lacking. Consequently, based on the available data, it is difficult to identify factors influencing chemotype distribution and spread at the European level. Here we describe the results of a collaborative integrated work which aims (1) to characterize the trichothecene genotypes of strains from three Fusarium species, collected over the period 2000–2013 and (2) to enhance the standardization of epidemiological data collection. Information on host plant, country of origin, sampling location, year of sampling and previous crop of 1147 F. graminearum, 479 F. culmorum, and 3 F. cortaderiae strains obtained from 17 European countries was compiled and a map of trichothecene type B genotype distribution was plotted for each species. All information on the strains was collected in a freely accessible and updatable database (www.catalogueeu.luxmcc.lu), which will serve as a starting point for epidemiological analysis of potential spatial and temporal trichothecene genotype shifts in Europe. The analysis of the currently available European dataset showed that in F. graminearum, the predominant genotype was 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) (82.9%), followed by 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON) (13.6%), and nivalenol (NIV) (3.5%). In F. culmorum, the prevalent genotype was 3-ADON (59.9%), while the NIV genotype accounted for the remaining 40.1%. Both, geographical and temporal patterns of trichothecene genotypes distribution were identified.

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A European Database of Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum Trichothecene Genotypes

The order Meliolales comprises the families Armatellaceae and Meliolaceae. These are black mildews that grow on the surface of host plants, often regarded as minor plant pathogens. In this study, types or specimens of 17 genera of Armatellaceae and Meliolaceae were borrowed from herbaria and re-examined. Armatella is accepted in Armatellaceae and Amazonia, Appendiculella, Asteridiella, Cryptomeliola, Endomeliola, Irenopsis and Meliola are accepted in the family Meliolaceae. Laeviomeliola is synonymized under Meliola. Ceratospermopsis, Ectendomeliola, Haraea, Hypasteridium, Leptascospora, Metasteridium, Ophiociliomyces, Ophioirenina, Ophiomeliola, Parasteridium, Pauahia, Pleomeliola, Pleomerium, Prataprajella, Ticomyces, Urupe and Xenostigme are excluded from Meliolaceae, and are treated as doubtful genera or placed in ascomycetes genera incertae sedis. The type species of each genus is re-described and illustrated with photomicrographs. Notes are provided and comparisons made. Two new species of Meliola and one new species of Irenopsis are also introduced with molecular data and we provide the most populated phylogenetic tree of Meliolomycetidae to date. Meliola thailandicum was found on Dimocarpus longan (Sapindales) and Acacia auriculiformis (Fabales) and confirmed to be the same species in the molecular analyses. This has important implications as the several hundred Meliola species are recognized based on host associations. Thus the same species being recorded from two unrelated hosts sheds doubt on Meliola species being host-specific.

Meliolales

Neomicrothyrium is an epiphytic genus that forms small black dots on the surface of living or dead fallen leaves, although it rarely causes any damage to the host. Based on its flattened thyriothecia, it was considered that Neomicrothyrium belongs in the order Microthyriales, a group of fungi that is relatively poorly studied. “Microthyriaceae”-like taxa appearing as small black dots on leaves were collected in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand, and studied using morphological characterization and phylogenetic analyses. As a result of molecular and morphological study, we established that Neomicrothyrium is linked to the asexual genus Zeloasperisporium and that we had collected two new taxa. Two new species, Zeloasperisporium ficusicola and Z. wrightiae are therefore introduced in this study based on morphology and phylogeny. Neomicrothyrium is linked to Zeloasperisporium and is therefore synonymized under the older name Zeloasperisporium. Phylogenetic analyses of combined LSU and SSU rDNA sequence data indicate that Zeloasperisporiaceae belong in the class Dothideomycetes, but clusters with Natipusillales in a distinct lineage from Microthyriales. We therefore introduce a new order, Zeloasperisporiales to accommodate the family Zeloasperisporiaceae. The life cycle of Zeloasperisporium species is remarkable. The sexual morph produces ascomata on the leaf surface and appears to lack any other structures and it is unclear how the ascomata obtain nutrients. The asexual morph produces conidia which can be found on the surface of plants, or in air, but it is also unclear how conidia obtain their nutrients. In this study, isolates from the sexual morph produced asexual morphs in culture.

Zeloasperisporiales ord. nov., and Two New Species of Zeloasperisporium Mycologie

A new ascomycete species, Bambusicola loculata, inhabiting decaying bamboo, is introduced based on morpho-molecular studies. Bambusicola loculata is characterized by immersed, dark, stromatic and loculate ascostromata, bitunicate, cylindrical-clavate asci and 1-septate, hyaline, narrowly fusiform ascospores, surrounded by an inconspicuous mucilaginous sheath. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of combined LSU, SSU, RPB2 and TEF1 gene sequence data as well as morphological characters show that our new taxon belongs to Bambusicola, Bambusicolaceae. The new species is compared with other morphologically and phylogenetically similar species.

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Bambusicola loculata sp. nov. ( Bambusicolaceae ) from bamboo

Influence of various carbohydrates on xylanase production in Verticillium tricorpus

https://bioone.org/journals/Cryptogamie-Mycologie/volume-36/issue-4/v36.iss4.2015.469/iAquapteridospora-lignicola-i-gen-et-sp-nov-a-New-Hyphomycetous/10.7872/crym/v36.iss4.2015.469.pdf

Ali H. Bahkali

Papers

Meliolales

Zeloasperisporiales ord. nov., and Two New Species of Zeloasperisporium Mycologie

Bambusicola loculata sp. nov. ( Bambusicolaceae ) from bamboo

Influence of various carbohydrates on xylanase production in Verticillium tricorpus

Aquapteridospora lignicola gen. et sp. nov., a New Hyphomycetous Taxon (Sordariomycetes) from Wood Submerged in a Freshwater Stream