Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism.

Soil Chemical Analysis

We redescribe the only previously known species of Myrsidea from bulbuls, M. pycnonoti Eichler. Sixteen new species are described; they and their type hosts are: M. phillipsi ex Pycnonotus goiavier goiavier (Scopoli), M. gieferi ex P. goiavier suluensis Mearns, M. kulpai ex P. flavescens Blyth, M. finlaysoni ex P. finlaysoni Strickland, M. kathleenae ex P. cafer (L.), M. warwicki ex Ixos philippinus (J. R. Forster), M. mcclurei ex Microscelis amaurotis (Temminck), M. zeylanici ex P. zeylanicus (Gmelin), M. plumosi ex P. plumosus Blyth, M. eutiloti ex P. eutilotus (Jardine and Selby), M. adamsae ex P. urostictus (Salvadori), M. ochracei ex Criniger ochraceus F. Moore, M. borbonici ex Hypsipetes borbonicus (J. R. Forster), M. johnsoni ex P. atriceps (Temminck), M. palmai ex C. ochraceus, and M. claytoni ex P. eutilotus. A key is provided for the identification of these 17 species.

A new species

: The unpolarized absorption and circular dichroism spectra of the fundamental vibrational transitions of the chiral molecule, 4-methyl-2-oxetanone, are calculated ab initio. Harmonic force fields are obtained using Density Functional Theory (DFT), MP2, and SCF methodologies and a 5S4P2D/3S2P (TZ2P) basis set. DFT calculations use the Local Spin Density Approximation (LSDA), BLYP, and Becke3LYP (B3LYP) density functionals. Mid-IR spectra predicted using LSDA, BLYP, and B3LYP force fields are of significantly different quality, the B3LYP force field yielding spectra in clearly superior, and overall excellent, agreement with experiment. The MP2 force field yields spectra in slightly worse agreement with experiment than the B3LYP force field. The SCF force field yields spectra in poor agreement with experiment.The basis set dependence of B3LYP force fields is also explored: the 6-31G* and TZ2P basis sets give very similar results while the 3-21G basis set yields spectra in substantially worse agreements with experiment. jg

Ab initio calculation of vibrational absorption and circular dichroism spectra using density functional force fields

Fusarium species, particularly Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum, are the main cause of trichothecene type B contamination in cereals. Data on the distribution of Fusarium trichothecene genotypes in cereals in Europe are scattered in time and space. Furthermore, a common core set of related variables (sampling method, host cultivar, previous crop, etc.) that would allow more effective analysis of factors influencing the spatial and temporal population distribution, is lacking. Consequently, based on the available data, it is difficult to identify factors influencing chemotype distribution and spread at the European level. Here we describe the results of a collaborative integrated work which aims (1) to characterize the trichothecene genotypes of strains from three Fusarium species, collected over the period 2000–2013 and (2) to enhance the standardization of epidemiological data collection. Information on host plant, country of origin, sampling location, year of sampling and previous crop of 1147 F. graminearum, 479 F. culmorum, and 3 F. cortaderiae strains obtained from 17 European countries was compiled and a map of trichothecene type B genotype distribution was plotted for each species. All information on the strains was collected in a freely accessible and updatable database (www.catalogueeu.luxmcc.lu), which will serve as a starting point for epidemiological analysis of potential spatial and temporal trichothecene genotype shifts in Europe. The analysis of the currently available European dataset showed that in F. graminearum, the predominant genotype was 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) (82.9%), followed by 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON) (13.6%), and nivalenol (NIV) (3.5%). In F. culmorum, the prevalent genotype was 3-ADON (59.9%), while the NIV genotype accounted for the remaining 40.1%. Both, geographical and temporal patterns of trichothecene genotypes distribution were identified.

/pdf/a-european-database-of-fusarium-graminearum-and-f-culmorum-326xkd5pg8.pdf

A European Database of Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum Trichothecene Genotypes

Antibacterial Activity of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles Produced by Aspergillus terreus

Chaetothyrina musarum and C. mangiferae sp. nov. (Micropeltidaceae, Dothideomycetes) are reported from fruits of Musa sp. ( Musa acuminata × Musa balbisiana ) and Mangifera indica , respectively. Introduction of a new species, Chaetothyrina mangiferae , and provision of a reference specimen for C. musarum with sequence data, supported by morphology will help to stabilize the taxonomy of the genus and family. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of LSU and SSU sequence data show that C. musarum forms a distinct clade with other genera in Micropeltidaceae within Capnodiales and C. mangiferae clusters in a poorly supported clade in Dothideomycetes, Illustrated accounts of Chaetothyrina musarum (reference specimen) and C. mangiferae are provided and compared with similar taxa. This is the first report of C. musarum causing sooty blotch and flyspeck disease on Musa sp. (Musaceae) in Thailand and C. mangiferae causing sooty blotch and flyspeck disease of Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae) worldwide.

https://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.255.1.2/19896

Chaetothyrina mangiferae sp. nov. , a new species of Chaetothyrina

A picture of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in poultry in Egypt: Phenotypic and genotypic characterization

Losses in yield and potato tubers quality caused by Rhizoctonia solani in Saudi Arabia was investigated in 2007. A number of sclerotia of R. solani were isolated from potato tubers collected from Saudi Arabia. Based on morphological observations, hyphal fusion compatibility and pathogenicity tests, most isolates collected belonged to AG 3, but 13, 5 and 2% of the isolates were AG-4, AG-5 and AG-7, respectively. What is more, hyphal branching at a right angle with a constriction and septum near the origin, multinucleate and monilioid cells and hyphal diameter were investigated. Cultural appearances of R. solani AG-7 growing on malt extract agar (MEA), dextrose sabroud agar (SDA), Dox agar (DOX), potato-dextrose agar (PDA) were brown or dark brown colony with aerial mycelia and sclerotia, but without clear zonation on DOX and PDA. Culture of AG-7 had abundant pitted sclerotia with dark brown exudates on SDA. Currently recovered isolates of R. solani shows hyphal anastomosis with AG-7 tester isolates. Koch’s postulates were applied by re-isolation of the fungus from inoculated tubers. The microsatellite-primed polymerase chain reaction (MP-PCR) was used to identify R. solani AG-7. The reference laboratory tester and R. solani isolates (AG-7) produced highly homologous fingerprints (level of homology, 86%). By comparing specific MP-PCR fingerprints of unidentified R. solani isolates with those of AGs testers, R. solani isolates (AG-7) could be identified to the group level even if they could not be identified by routine morphological methods. This is claimed to be the first report of R. solani AG-7 in Saudi Arabia.

/pdf/first-morpho-molecular-identification-of-rhizoctonia-solani-py6y5klpam.pdf

Ali H. Bahkali

Papers

Antibacterial Activity of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles Produced by Aspergillus terreus

Chaetothyrina mangiferae sp. nov. , a new species of Chaetothyrina

A picture of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in poultry in Egypt: Phenotypic and genotypic characterization

First morpho-molecular identification of Rhizoctonia solani AG-7 from potato tuber-borne sclerotium in Saudi Arabia

Coupling of nano-spinel MgFe2O4 on Co3O4 for heterogeneous photocatalysis and antibacterial applications: Insights of optoelectrical properties