抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, Modifications, and Applications

Despite the concern that has been expressed about potential method biases, and the pervasiveness of research settings with the potential to produce them, there is disagreement about whether they really are a problem for researchers in the behavioral sciences. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to explore the current state of knowledge about method biases. First, we explore the meaning of the terms “method” and “method bias” and then we examine whether method biases influence all measures equally. Next, we review the evidence of the effects that method biases have on individual measures and on the covariation between different constructs. Following this, we evaluate the procedural and statistical remedies that have been used to control method biases and provide recommendations for minimizing method bias.

Sources of Method Bias in Social Science Research and Recommendations on How to Control It

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) offer the possibilities to design solar cells with a large flexibility in shape, color, and transparency. DSC research groups have been established around the worl ...

/pdf/dye-sensitized-solar-cells-50b0w2bhsr.pdf

Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Cell signaling by receptor-tyrosine kinases

Poly(9,9-dialkyl-3,6-dibenzosilole)--a high energy gap host for phosphorescent light emitting devices.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are in a class of functional organic com- pounds with increasing importance in organic electronics. Their tunable photophysical prop- erties and typically strong intermolecular associations make them ideal materials in applica- tions where control of charge mobility is essential. Hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene (HBC) is a disc-shaped PAH that self-associates into columnar stacks through strong π-π interactions. By decorating the periphery of the HBC molecule with various substituents, a range of prop- erties and functions can be obtained including solution processability, liquid crystallinity, and semiconductivity. In this review article, the synthesis, properties, and functions of HBC derivatives are presented with focus on work published in the last five years.

/pdf/hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene-in-organic-electronics-42yo9ru9py.pdf

Hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene in organic electronics

Optical devices fabricated from solvent processible polymers suffer from susceptibility to solvents and morphological changes. A semiconductive polymer capable of luminescence in an optical device is provided. The polymer comprises a luminescent film-forming solvent processible polymer which contains cross-linking so as to increase its molar mass and to resist solvent dissolution, the cross-linking being such that the polymer retains semiconductive and luminescent properties.

Polymers for use in optical devices

We report a study of the photoexcited states in the conjugated polymer poly(2,5-dimethoxy-p-phenylene vinylene). Photoluminescence due to radiative recombination of singlet excitons is observed at energies just below the onset of the \ensuremath{\pi}-${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ absorption band at 2.1 eV. Photoinduced absorption at 80 K shows bands peaking at 0.68, 1.35, and 1.80 eV. The features at 0.68 and 1.8 eV are associated with the same excited state which we propose is a doubly charged bipolaron, while the third at 1.35 eV is unrelated. We assign this 1.35-eV absorption to a triplet-triplet transition of a triplet exciton. The bipolarons are long lived with significant numbers surviving in excess of 100 ms at 80 K, and have a weak temperature dependence such that photoinduced absorption is readily detectable even at room temperature. The triplet exciton has a lifetime of order 2.5 ms at 80 K but this falls rapidly at higher temperature and the response is not detected at room temperature. We contrast these results with those obtained previously for the related poly(arylene vinylene) polymers poly(p-phenylene vinylene), and poly(2,5-thienylene vinylene) and for other conjugated polymers, and draw attention to the important role played in the photophysics of these materials by neutral excited states.

https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:219587/UQ219587.pdf

Photoinduced absorption and photoluminescence in poly(2,5-dimethoxy-p-phenylene vinylene).

An electroluminescent device includes first and second layers (6, 12) of light emitting semiconductive conjugated polymers with an electrode arrangement (4, 8, 10, 14) for injecting charge carriers into both light emissive layers to cause light to be emitted therefrom. The first and second light emitting layers are in viewing overlap, and the electrode arrangement includes two sets of electrodes (4, 8, 10, 12) which can be operated independently. The first light emissive layer is arranged to emit radiation of a first wavelength when excited and the second light emissive layer is arranged to emit radiation of a second wavelength when excited. The electroluminescent device can thus be operated to cause either radiation of the first wavelength or radiation of the second wavelength or both to be emitted and viewed.

Andrew B. Holmes

Papers

Poly(9,9-dialkyl-3,6-dibenzosilole)--a high energy gap host for phosphorescent light emitting devices.

Hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene in organic electronics

Polymers for use in optical devices

Photoinduced absorption and photoluminescence in poly(2,5-dimethoxy-p-phenylene vinylene).

Electroluminescent devices having a light-emitting layer