抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, Modifications, and Applications

Despite the concern that has been expressed about potential method biases, and the pervasiveness of research settings with the potential to produce them, there is disagreement about whether they really are a problem for researchers in the behavioral sciences. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to explore the current state of knowledge about method biases. First, we explore the meaning of the terms “method” and “method bias” and then we examine whether method biases influence all measures equally. Next, we review the evidence of the effects that method biases have on individual measures and on the covariation between different constructs. Following this, we evaluate the procedural and statistical remedies that have been used to control method biases and provide recommendations for minimizing method bias.

Sources of Method Bias in Social Science Research and Recommendations on How to Control It

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) offer the possibilities to design solar cells with a large flexibility in shape, color, and transparency. DSC research groups have been established around the worl ...

/pdf/dye-sensitized-solar-cells-50b0w2bhsr.pdf

Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Cell signaling by receptor-tyrosine kinases

The intramolecular Diels-Alder approach to synthesizing eunicellins has proved to be a powerful method for the synthesis of this class of natural products. The key to the success of this strategy is control over the endo/exo selectivity of the cycloaddition reaction, which we have addressed through an organocatalytic reaction employing the MacMillan imidazolidinone catalyst. This approach has been further developed to address the issue of functionality at the C8 position, and a novel scalable method for the extension of the medium-ring lactone has been developed.

Development of the Claisen Rearrangement/Organocatalytic Diels-Alder Approach for the Synthesis of Eunicellins*

Titanium mediated anionic polymerisation of methyl methacrylate

1,4-Bis(trimethylsilyl)buta-1,3-diyne



solvent: petroleum ether (bp 30–40°C, 3 × 150 mL)




product: bis(trimethylsilyl)butadiyne (BTMSBD)





Keywords:

oxidation,  CC;
copper(I) chloride, tetramethylethylenediamine complex;
acetylenic compounds, potential explosives;
stirrers, vibromixer;
vibromixer

1,4‐Bis(trimethylsilyl)buta‐1,3‐diyne

Enantioselektive Synthese von Desoxynojirimycin

New organoaluminium amide complexes have been designed and exploited as additives to produce syndio-rich poly(methyl methacrylate)
(PMMA) in good yield and low polydispersity from the anionic polymerisation of methyl methacrylate (MMA) at 0°C.

Andrew B. Holmes

Papers

Development of the Claisen Rearrangement/Organocatalytic Diels-Alder Approach for the Synthesis of Eunicellins*

Titanium mediated anionic polymerisation of methyl methacrylate

1,4‐Bis(trimethylsilyl)buta‐1,3‐diyne

Enantioselektive Synthese von Desoxynojirimycin

Syndio-rich poly(methyl methacrylate) from the anionic polymerisation of methyl methacrylate in the presence of novel organoaluminium amides