抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, Modifications, and Applications

Despite the concern that has been expressed about potential method biases, and the pervasiveness of research settings with the potential to produce them, there is disagreement about whether they really are a problem for researchers in the behavioral sciences. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to explore the current state of knowledge about method biases. First, we explore the meaning of the terms “method” and “method bias” and then we examine whether method biases influence all measures equally. Next, we review the evidence of the effects that method biases have on individual measures and on the covariation between different constructs. Following this, we evaluate the procedural and statistical remedies that have been used to control method biases and provide recommendations for minimizing method bias.

Sources of Method Bias in Social Science Research and Recommendations on How to Control It

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) offer the possibilities to design solar cells with a large flexibility in shape, color, and transparency. DSC research groups have been established around the worl ...

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Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Cell signaling by receptor-tyrosine kinases

Stereoselective synthesis of (.+-.)-indolizidines 167B, 205A, and 207A. Enantioselective synthesis of (-)-indolizidine 209B

Palladium-mediated cross-coupling reactions with supported reagents in supercritical carbon dioxide

Palladium-catalysed cross-coupling reactions in supercritical carbon dioxide.

A photodetector device includes a semiconductive conjugated polymer, such as PPV, arranged between first and second electrode layers having different work functions, a bias circuitry connected to apply a bias voltage between the first and second electrode layers, and a sensing circuitry connected to detect a photocurrent flowing between the first and second electrode layers across the polymer layer as a result of radiation incident on the polymer layer while the bias voltage is applied. The bias voltage is selected in relation to the thickness of the polymer layer.

Photodetector device having a semiconductive conjugated polymer

Various fullerene-based electron acceptor materials for organic photovoltaic applications were prepared via [3+2] and [4+2] cycloadditions using a continuous flow approach. The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of the tosylhydrazone precursor and the Diels-Alder cycloaddition of indene to either C(60) or C(70) under conventional batch reaction conditions were translated to the continuous flow process. By varying the residence time, temperature, and equivalents of cycloaddition reagent, significant improvements in yields and reaction times were achieved over conventional batch processes.

Andrew B. Holmes

Papers

Stereoselective synthesis of (.+-.)-indolizidines 167B, 205A, and 207A. Enantioselective synthesis of (-)-indolizidine 209B

Palladium-mediated cross-coupling reactions with supported reagents in supercritical carbon dioxide

Palladium-catalysed cross-coupling reactions in supercritical carbon dioxide.

Photodetector device having a semiconductive conjugated polymer

Continuous Flow Synthesis of Fullerene Derivatives