抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, Modifications, and Applications

Despite the concern that has been expressed about potential method biases, and the pervasiveness of research settings with the potential to produce them, there is disagreement about whether they really are a problem for researchers in the behavioral sciences. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to explore the current state of knowledge about method biases. First, we explore the meaning of the terms “method” and “method bias” and then we examine whether method biases influence all measures equally. Next, we review the evidence of the effects that method biases have on individual measures and on the covariation between different constructs. Following this, we evaluate the procedural and statistical remedies that have been used to control method biases and provide recommendations for minimizing method bias.

Sources of Method Bias in Social Science Research and Recommendations on How to Control It

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) offer the possibilities to design solar cells with a large flexibility in shape, color, and transparency. DSC research groups have been established around the worl ...

/pdf/dye-sensitized-solar-cells-50b0w2bhsr.pdf

Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Cell signaling by receptor-tyrosine kinases

The enantioselective synthesis of (S)-trans-g;-butenynyl γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)1 by phthalimide displacement of the (R)-alcohol 9(generated from the acetal 3) is reported. Novel hydride reductions of the pentadiynylic ether 3 to the trans-enyne 5 are reported and discussed.

Enantioselective Synthesis of (S)‐trans‐γ‐Butenynyl γ‐Aminobutyric Acid (GABA).

Processes for the continuous production of conjugated polymers are disclosed The processes provide excellent control over reaction parameters and are highly reproducible The conjugated polymers find use in heterojunction devices

Process for the synthesis of conjugated polymers

Poly(phenylenevinylene) PPV is a class of conjugated polymer with great functional group diversity. This has resulted from the wide range of synthetic methods available. The choice of synthetic methods depends on the material requirements for application, particularly in the area of organic electronics. A comprehensive review of the preparation methods is provided along with example experimental procedures for the most popular synthetic routes.

CHAPTER 7:Poly(phenylenevinylene)s

The azaspiro oxo-urethane (4), readily available from naphthalene, is reduced to the amino-alcohol (5) whose diacetate (6), the structure of which was determined by X-ray crystallography, undergoes acetate elimination in refluxing toluene to yield the N-acetylazaspiroundecene (7).

An extremely mild acetate pyrolysis reaction. Novel synthesis and X-ray structure determination of 1-azaspiro[5.5]undecane derivatives

https://spiral.imperial.ac.uk:8443/bitstream/10044/1/10060/4/Williams%2c%20C%20-%20The%20tuning%20of%20the%20energy%20levels.pdf

Andrew B. Holmes

Papers

Enantioselective Synthesis of (S)‐trans‐γ‐Butenynyl γ‐Aminobutyric Acid (GABA).

Process for the synthesis of conjugated polymers

CHAPTER 7:Poly(phenylenevinylene)s

An extremely mild acetate pyrolysis reaction. Novel synthesis and X-ray structure determination of 1-azaspiro[5.5]undecane derivatives

applications in organic electronics