抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, Modifications, and Applications

Despite the concern that has been expressed about potential method biases, and the pervasiveness of research settings with the potential to produce them, there is disagreement about whether they really are a problem for researchers in the behavioral sciences. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to explore the current state of knowledge about method biases. First, we explore the meaning of the terms “method” and “method bias” and then we examine whether method biases influence all measures equally. Next, we review the evidence of the effects that method biases have on individual measures and on the covariation between different constructs. Following this, we evaluate the procedural and statistical remedies that have been used to control method biases and provide recommendations for minimizing method bias.

Sources of Method Bias in Social Science Research and Recommendations on How to Control It

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) offer the possibilities to design solar cells with a large flexibility in shape, color, and transparency. DSC research groups have been established around the worl ...

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Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Cell signaling by receptor-tyrosine kinases

We report the formation of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates with perfluoroorganosilanes in liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide and a method of patterning the monolayer that does not use any organic solvents. The monolayers formed were used as an etch resistant during the formation of patterns as small as 300 nm. The monolayers were characterized using wettability experiments, surface FT-IR, cyclic voltammetry, and AFM. The effects of temperature and adsorption time on the formation of SAMs were explored. Advancing contact angles as high as 105° and fractional surface coverages up to 0.96 were achieved by exposing the ITO surfaces to silanes in scCO2 for 15 h. Surface FT-IR results show peaks at 1212 and 1152 cm-1, typical for disordered monolayers. Yet, these SAMs are resistant to wet etching for over 10 h, indicating that dense carbon dioxide is a superior solvent for SAM formation of perfluorosilanes on ITO.

Fluorinated Silane Self-Assembled Monolayers as Resists for Patterning Indium Tin Oxide

Hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene (HBC) is a discotic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with good charge transport characteristics while the light harvesting property of porphyrins is well-known. In order to take advantage of the properties of both materials, a porphyrin-hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene-porphyrin triad 6 was synthesised for the first time. In photoluminescence studies, the emission from the higher energy HBC unit was completely quenched by the porphyrin unit indicating efficient energy transfer. This novel hybrid material 6 was tested in bulk heterojunction photovoltaic devices reaching a power conversion efficiency of 1.2%.

A porphyrin-hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene-porphyrin triad: synthesis, photophysical properties and performance in a photovoltaic device

Conjugated light-emitting polymers (LEPs) have real potential to serve as the active layer in a new generation of emissive displays. Emerging as lead candidates for first-generation displays are poly(1,4-phenylene vinylene)s (PPVs) and poly(9,9-dialkylfluorene)s, as well as other polyaromatic materials. The poly(fluorene)s are at present the most commercially developed of these LEP materials for red–green–blue (RGB) applications. The low power consumption of LEP devices in general makes them particularly suited to mobile applications. Combining solution-processable emissive polymers with direct-patterning methods such as ink-jet printing will lead to the possibility of low-cost, high-resolution displays. The synthesis and properties of PPVs and poly(9,9-dialkylfluorene)s are briefly reviewed in this article, with a major focus on recent developments.

Recent Developments in Light-Emitting Polymers

This invention provides semiconductive conjugated polymers incorporating electron-withdrawing groups for use in electroluminescent devices, methods for their manufacture, and electroluminescent devices incorporating the polymers. The electron-withdrawing group is conjugatively linked to the polymer chain and is selected so that the polymer exhibits electroluminesence upon application of an electric field to a layer thereof.

Polymers for electroluminescent devices

A conductive polymer composition comprising: a polymer having a HOMO level greater than or equal to -5.7eV and a dopant having a LUMO level less than -4.3eV.

Andrew B. Holmes

Papers

Fluorinated Silane Self-Assembled Monolayers as Resists for Patterning Indium Tin Oxide

A porphyrin-hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene-porphyrin triad: synthesis, photophysical properties and performance in a photovoltaic device

Recent Developments in Light-Emitting Polymers

Polymers for electroluminescent devices

Conductive Polymer Compositions in Opto-Electrical Devices