抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, Modifications, and Applications

Despite the concern that has been expressed about potential method biases, and the pervasiveness of research settings with the potential to produce them, there is disagreement about whether they really are a problem for researchers in the behavioral sciences. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to explore the current state of knowledge about method biases. First, we explore the meaning of the terms “method” and “method bias” and then we examine whether method biases influence all measures equally. Next, we review the evidence of the effects that method biases have on individual measures and on the covariation between different constructs. Following this, we evaluate the procedural and statistical remedies that have been used to control method biases and provide recommendations for minimizing method bias.

Sources of Method Bias in Social Science Research and Recommendations on How to Control It

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) offer the possibilities to design solar cells with a large flexibility in shape, color, and transparency. DSC research groups have been established around the worl ...

/pdf/dye-sensitized-solar-cells-50b0w2bhsr.pdf

Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Cell signaling by receptor-tyrosine kinases

Introduction of bromine and chlorine substituents in medium ring ethers and lactones

The eight-membered lactam dipeptide (3R,8R)-3-acetylamino-8-methoxycarbamoylazocan-2-one was prepared from the L-serine derived (4S)-3-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-4-formyl-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-oxazolidine in 12 steps and 27% overall yield. An extensive conformational analysis both in the solid state and in solution, using NMR, IR and vapour pressure osmometry, was conducted. It was shown that the constrained dipeptide exists in a semi-extended conformation and exhibits a head-to-tail self-recognition (Kdim 100 ± 20 dm3 mol−1 in CDCl2CDCl2). This dimerisation appears to be a general phenomenon in a series of cis-disubstituted medium-ring lactam dipeptides.

Synthesis and conformational analysis of a dimerising eight-membered lactam dipeptide

The enantioselective synthesis of (S)-γ-acetylenic γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)1 by phthalimide displacement of the (R)-prop-2-ynylic alcohol 12(generated from acetal 4) is reported.

Enantioselective synthesis of (S)-γ-acetylenic γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Chemically Altering the Solubility and Durability of Dyes for Sensitized Solar Cells

Synthesis of the cis- and trans-2,8-disubstituted oxocane derivatives 2 and 3(carrying the unusual γ,δ-diketohexanecarboxylic acid side chain) by ozonolysis of the alkynes 14 and 18(prepared respectively from the alcohols 11 and 15) demonstrated unequivocally that neither of these compounds nor their hydroxy-γ-lactone ring (lactol) tautomers 1 corresponded to the naturally occurring fungal self germination inhibitor gloeosporone. A study of 4,5-dioxohexanoic itself 9 revealed a remarkably low tendency to exist as its hydroxy-γ-lactone (lactol) tautomer 10.

Synthesis of medium ring ethers. Part 3. Disproof of the proposed 2,8-disubstituted oxocane structure for gloeosporone. Synthesis of pseudo-gloeosporone

Andrew B. Holmes

Papers

Introduction of bromine and chlorine substituents in medium ring ethers and lactones

Synthesis and conformational analysis of a dimerising eight-membered lactam dipeptide

Enantioselective synthesis of (S)-γ-acetylenic γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Chemically Altering the Solubility and Durability of Dyes for Sensitized Solar Cells

Synthesis of medium ring ethers. Part 3. Disproof of the proposed 2,8-disubstituted oxocane structure for gloeosporone. Synthesis of pseudo-gloeosporone