Anne Butthof

TL;DR: The genomic data suggest that Neandertals mixed with modern human ancestors some 120,000 years ago, leaving traces of Ne andertal DNA in contemporary humans, suggesting that gene flow from Neand Bertals into the ancestors of non-Africans occurred before the divergence of Eurasian groups from each other.

TL;DR: The results confirm the controversial assertion that genetic differences between human populations on a global scale are bigger for the NRY than for mtDNA, although the differences are not as large as previously suggested.

TL;DR: The lack of sequence sharing between the Bantu-speaking groups from southwestern Zambia investigated here and extant Khoisan populations provides an indication that there must have been genetic substructure in theKhoisan-speaking indigenous groups of southern Africa that did not survive until the present or has been substantially reduced.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that whereas the North Tungusic Evenks and Evens show evidence of shared ancestry both in the maternal and in the paternal line, this signal has been attenuated by genetic drift and differential gene flow with neighbouring populations, with isolation by distance further shaping the maternal genepool of the Evens.

TL;DR: The results confirm the controversial assertion that genetic differences between human populations on a global scale are bigger for the NRY than for mtDNA and suggest very small ancestral effective population sizes (<100) for the out-of-Africa migration as well as for many human populations.