다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

http://www.maths.qmul.ac.uk/%7Elatora/report_06.pdf

Complex networks: Structure and dynamics

Modern nanotechnology allows one to scale down various important devices (sensors, chips, fibers, etc.) and thus opens up new horizons for their applications. The efficiency of most of them is based on fundamental physical phenomena, such as transport of wave excitations and resonances. Short propagation distances make phase-coherent processes of waves important. Often the scattering of waves involves propagation along different paths and, as a consequence, results in interference phenomena, where constructive interference corresponds to resonant enhancement and destructive interference to resonant suppression of the transmission. Recently, a variety of experimental and theoretical work has revealed such patterns in different physical settings. The purpose of this review is to relate resonant scattering to Fano resonances, known from atomic physics. One of the main features of the Fano resonance is its asymmetric line profile. The asymmetry originates from a close coexistence of resonant transmission and resonant reflection and can be reduced to the interaction of a discrete (localized) state with a continuum of propagation modes. The basic concepts of Fano resonances are introduced, their geometrical and/or dynamical origin are explained, and theoretical and experimental studies of light propagation in photonic devices, charge transport through quantum dots, plasmon scattering in Josephson-junction networks, and matter-wave scattering in ultracold atom systems, among others are reviewed.

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Fano resonances in nanoscale structures

The synchronization of chaotic systems

We demonstrate experimentally that the spectral sensitivity and resolution of an interferometer can be greatly enhanced by introducing a slow-light medium into it with an enhancement factor equal to the group index of the medium.

Enhancing the Spectral Sensitivity and Resolution of Interferometers Using Slow-Light Media

Tunable second- and fourth-harmonic radiation was generated in a single 1-cm-long lithium niobate (LiNbO3) crystal with the Mark III infrared free electron laser at Duke University. The fundamental laser radiation was tuned from 2 to 2.5 μm, yielding 1–1.25-μm radiation (second harmonic) and 0.5–0.625-μm radiation (fourth harmonic). A fundamental–second-harmonic energy conversion efficiency of 66% and a fundamental–fourth-harmonic energy conversion efficiency of 3.3 × 10−6 were measured. The maximum energy in the fourth harmonic was 3.3 nJ.

Fourth-harmonic generation in a single lithium niobate-crystal with cascaded second-harmonic generation.

The study of transverse optical pattern formation has been studied extensively in nonlinear optics, with a recent experimental interest in studying the phenomenon using cold atoms, which can undergo real-space self-organization. Here, we describe our experimental observation of pattern formation in cold atoms, which occurs using less than 1 μW of applied power. We show that the optical patterns and the self-organized atomic structures undergo continuous symmetry breaking, which is characteristic of nonequilibrium phenomena in a multimode system. To theoretically describe pattern formation in cold atoms, we present a self-consistent model that allows for tight atomic bunching in the applied optical lattice. We derive the nonlinear refractive index of a gas of multilevel atoms in an optical lattice, and we derive the threshold conditions under which pattern formation occurs. We show that by using small detunings and sub-Doppler temperatures, one achieves intensity thresholds for pattern formation that are reduced by two orders of magnitude compared to warm atoms.

Transverse optical and atomic pattern formation

We study experimentally and theoretically the dynamics of networks of non-locally coupled electronic oscillators that are described by a Kuramoto-like model. The experimental networks show long complex transients from random initial conditions on the route to network synchronization. The transients display complex behaviors, including resurgence of chimera states, which are network dynamics where order and disorder coexists. The spatial domain of the chimera state moves around the network and alternates with desynchronized dynamics. The fast timescale of our oscillators (on the order of 100 ns) allows us to study the scaling of the transient time of large networks of more than a hundred nodes. We find that the average transient time increases exponentially with the network size and can be modeled as a Poisson process. This exponential scaling is a result of a synchronization rate that follows a power law of the phase-space volume.

Transient scaling and resurgence of chimera states in coupled Boolean phase oscillators

We propose a method for implementing mutually unbiased generation and measurement of time-bin qudits using a cascade of electro-optic phase modulator–coded fiber Bragg grating pairs Our approach requires only a single spatial mode and can switch rapidly between basis choices We obtain explicit solutions for dimensions d = 2, 3, and 4 that realize all d + 1 possible mutually unbiased bases and analyze the performance of our approach in quantum key distribution Given its practicality and compatibility with current technology, our approach provides a promising springboard for scalable processing of high-dimensional time-bin states

Daniel J. Gauthier

Papers

Enhancing the Spectral Sensitivity and Resolution of Interferometers Using Slow-Light Media

Fourth-harmonic generation in a single lithium niobate-crystal with cascaded second-harmonic generation.

Transverse optical and atomic pattern formation

Transient scaling and resurgence of chimera states in coupled Boolean phase oscillators

Reconfigurable generation and measurement of mutually unbiased bases for time-bin qudits