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Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain—3-Dimensional Proportional System: An Approach to Cerebral Imaging, J. Talairach, P. Tournoux. Georg Thieme Verlag, New York (1988), 122 pp., 130 figs. DM 268

Thirty years of brain imaging research has converged to define the brain’s default network—a novel and only recently appreciated brain system that participates in internal modes of cognition Here we synthesize past observations to provide strong evidence that the default network is a specific, anatomically defined brain system preferentially active when individuals are not focused on the external environment Analysis of connectional anatomy in the monkey supports the presence of an interconnected brain system Providing insight into function, the default network is active when individuals are engaged in internally focused tasks including autobiographical memory retrieval, envisioning the future, and conceiving the perspectives of others Probing the functional anatomy of the network in detail reveals that it is best understood as multiple interacting subsystems The medial temporal lobe subsystem provides information from prior experiences in the form of memories and associations that are the building blocks of mental simulation The medial prefrontal subsystem facilitates the flexible use of this information during the construction of self-relevant mental simulations These two subsystems converge on important nodes of integration including the posterior cingulate cortex The implications of these functional and anatomical observations are discussed in relation to possible adaptive roles of the default network for using past experiences to plan for the future, navigate social interactions, and maximize the utility of moments when we are not otherwise engaged by the external world We conclude by discussing the relevance of the default network for understanding mental disorders including autism, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer’s disease

/pdf/the-brain-s-default-network-anatomy-function-and-relevance-3sxu9umxjl.pdf

The Brain's Default Network Anatomy, Function, and Relevance to Disease

Functional imaging studies have shown that certain brain regions, including posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and ventral anterior cingulate cortex (vACC), consistently show greater activity during resting states than during cognitive tasks. This finding led to the hypothesis that these regions constitute a network supporting a default mode of brain function. In this study, we investigate three questions pertaining to this hypothesis: Does such a resting-state network exist in the human brain? Is it modulated during simple sensory processing? How is it modulated during cognitive processing? To address these questions, we defined PCC and vACC regions that showed decreased activity during a cognitive (working memory) task, then examined their functional connectivity during rest. PCC was strongly coupled with vACC and several other brain regions implicated in the default mode network. Next, we examined the functional connectivity of PCC and vACC during a visual processing task and show that the resultant connectivity maps are virtually identical to those obtained during rest. Last, we defined three lateral prefrontal regions showing increased activity during the cognitive task and examined their resting-state connectivity. We report significant inverse correlations among all three lateral prefrontal regions and PCC, suggesting a mechanism for attenuation of default mode network activity during cognitive processing. This study constitutes, to our knowledge, the first resting-state connectivity analysis of the default mode and provides the most compelling evidence to date for the existence of a cohesive default mode network. Our findings also provide insight into how this network is modulated by task demands and what functions it might subserve.

/pdf/functional-connectivity-in-the-resting-brain-a-network-33b0k3pd2e.pdf

Functional connectivity in the resting brain: A network analysis of the default mode hypothesis

Part I. Experimental Studies: 2. Experiment in psychology 3. Experiments on perceiving III Experiments on imaging 4-8. Experiments on remembering: (a) The method of description (b) The method of repeated reproduction (c) The method of picture writing (d) The method of serial reproduction (e) The method of serial reproduction picture material 9. Perceiving, recognizing, remembering 10. A theory of remembering 11. Images and their functions 12. Meaning Part II. Remembering as a Study in Social Psychology: 13. Social psychology 14. Social psychology and the matter of recall 15. Social psychology and the manner of recall 16. Conventionalism 17. The notion of a collective unconscious 18. The basis of social recall 19. A summary and some conclusions.

Remembering. A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology, Cambridge (University Press) 1964.

Classiquement, les processus de memoire, et notamment de memoire episodique, ont ete rattaches au fonctionnement du lobe temporal interne ou l’hippocampe joue un role cardinal. Le fonctionnement hippocampique s’inscrit dans un reseau plus vaste ou l’implication des lobes frontaux a ete soulignee. Leur role a ete progressivement precise grâce aux etudes menees en imagerie fonctionnelle cerebrale, tant chez le sujet sain, jeune et âge, que dans diverses pathologies mnesiques. Cette revue expose les principales conclusions de ces travaux.

La mémoire, les amnésies et les lobes frontaux

10. Neuropsychologie cognitive et neuroanatomie fonctionnelle des états démentiels

Existe-t-il vraiment un domaine neuropsychologique circonscrit ? Fondamentalement pluridisciplinaire, la neuropsychologie semble divisee entre ses theories, ses methodes d’investigation et les affections qui font l’objet de son etude. Malgre cette diversite apparente et les fluctuations de son histoire, la neuropsychologie peut etre definie comme la discipline qui cherche, d’une part, a mieux comprendre et prendre en charge differents troubles cognitifs, et d’autre part, a decrire les liens entre le systeme nerveux et les fonctions mentales. Ainsi, a partir des faits et des inferences de la pathologie humaine, la neuropsychologie vise, au moyen de divers methodes et champs d’etudes, a modeliser les relations entre cognition et fonctionnement cerebral.

Chapitre 1. Le domaine neuropsychologique

Étude des processus de recuperation après un épisode d’ictus amnésique idiopathique

L’objectif de cet article est de retracer l’historique de la Societe de neuropsychologie de langue francaise (SNLF) depuis sa fondation ainsi que de decrire les principales evolutions theoriques et applications qui ont structure les echanges entre les membres ces 40 dernieres annees. Composee d’environ 350 membres et comptant de nombreux sympathisants qui frequentent les forums et les reunions scientifiques annuelles, la SNLF a toujours preconise l’ideal d’un support theorique de qualite elevee, qu’il s’agisse d’activites de recherche mais egalement de pratique clinique. Cet ideal transparait dans la Revue de neuropsychologie, dont elle constitue l’organe officiel de diffusion des connaissances, comme dans les nombreuses manifestations scientifiques organisees annuellement, permettant des debats et echanges constructifs entre les chercheurs et les cliniciens de specialites differentes. Le present article rend compte de plusieurs thematiques scientifiques qui ont connu des evolutions marquantes ces dernieres annees. L’exigence scientifique de la SNLF a eu pour autre consequence l’implication reguliere de la Societe dans des organes de decision concernant la detection et le diagnostic de troubles cognitifs, ainsi que leur prise en charge.

Francis Eustache

Papers

La mémoire, les amnésies et les lobes frontaux

10. Neuropsychologie cognitive et neuroanatomie fonctionnelle des états démentiels

Chapitre 1. Le domaine neuropsychologique

Étude des processus de recuperation après un épisode d’ictus amnésique idiopathique

La neuropsychologie, une discipline d’avenir aux objectifs réaffirmés