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Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain—3-Dimensional Proportional System: An Approach to Cerebral Imaging, J. Talairach, P. Tournoux. Georg Thieme Verlag, New York (1988), 122 pp., 130 figs. DM 268

Thirty years of brain imaging research has converged to define the brain’s default network—a novel and only recently appreciated brain system that participates in internal modes of cognition Here we synthesize past observations to provide strong evidence that the default network is a specific, anatomically defined brain system preferentially active when individuals are not focused on the external environment Analysis of connectional anatomy in the monkey supports the presence of an interconnected brain system Providing insight into function, the default network is active when individuals are engaged in internally focused tasks including autobiographical memory retrieval, envisioning the future, and conceiving the perspectives of others Probing the functional anatomy of the network in detail reveals that it is best understood as multiple interacting subsystems The medial temporal lobe subsystem provides information from prior experiences in the form of memories and associations that are the building blocks of mental simulation The medial prefrontal subsystem facilitates the flexible use of this information during the construction of self-relevant mental simulations These two subsystems converge on important nodes of integration including the posterior cingulate cortex The implications of these functional and anatomical observations are discussed in relation to possible adaptive roles of the default network for using past experiences to plan for the future, navigate social interactions, and maximize the utility of moments when we are not otherwise engaged by the external world We conclude by discussing the relevance of the default network for understanding mental disorders including autism, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer’s disease

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The Brain's Default Network Anatomy, Function, and Relevance to Disease

Functional imaging studies have shown that certain brain regions, including posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and ventral anterior cingulate cortex (vACC), consistently show greater activity during resting states than during cognitive tasks. This finding led to the hypothesis that these regions constitute a network supporting a default mode of brain function. In this study, we investigate three questions pertaining to this hypothesis: Does such a resting-state network exist in the human brain? Is it modulated during simple sensory processing? How is it modulated during cognitive processing? To address these questions, we defined PCC and vACC regions that showed decreased activity during a cognitive (working memory) task, then examined their functional connectivity during rest. PCC was strongly coupled with vACC and several other brain regions implicated in the default mode network. Next, we examined the functional connectivity of PCC and vACC during a visual processing task and show that the resultant connectivity maps are virtually identical to those obtained during rest. Last, we defined three lateral prefrontal regions showing increased activity during the cognitive task and examined their resting-state connectivity. We report significant inverse correlations among all three lateral prefrontal regions and PCC, suggesting a mechanism for attenuation of default mode network activity during cognitive processing. This study constitutes, to our knowledge, the first resting-state connectivity analysis of the default mode and provides the most compelling evidence to date for the existence of a cohesive default mode network. Our findings also provide insight into how this network is modulated by task demands and what functions it might subserve.

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Functional connectivity in the resting brain: A network analysis of the default mode hypothesis

Part I. Experimental Studies: 2. Experiment in psychology 3. Experiments on perceiving III Experiments on imaging 4-8. Experiments on remembering: (a) The method of description (b) The method of repeated reproduction (c) The method of picture writing (d) The method of serial reproduction (e) The method of serial reproduction picture material 9. Perceiving, recognizing, remembering 10. A theory of remembering 11. Images and their functions 12. Meaning Part II. Remembering as a Study in Social Psychology: 13. Social psychology 14. Social psychology and the matter of recall 15. Social psychology and the manner of recall 16. Conventionalism 17. The notion of a collective unconscious 18. The basis of social recall 19. A summary and some conclusions.

Remembering. A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology, Cambridge (University Press) 1964.

La memoire prospective est la memoire des intentions : elle nous permet de nous souvenir de realiser une action dans le futur, soit en reponse a l’apparition d’un indice dans l’environnement (i.e., event-based), soit a un horaire determine ou a l’issue d’un certain laps de temps (i.e., time-based). Elle est souvent decrite comme le versant de la memoire episodique oriente vers le futur. L’etude de son fonctionnement est recente et ce n’est qu’au cours des trente dernieres annees que sont apparues des experimentations visant a decrire ses etapes de fonctionnement. L’objectif de cet article de synthese est de presenter la memoire prospective puis, en s’appuyant sur les experiences conduites dans le domaine, d’exposer les connaissances les plus recentes sur les differentes etapes necessaires au rappel prospectif : la formation et l’encodage de l’intention, son stockage, sa recuperation et sa suppression en memoire. Un interet particulier sera porte aux specificites de la memorisation et de la rememoration du souvenir particulier qu’est l’intention et aux perspectives qu’ouvre la comprehension de chacune des etapes pour ameliorer le fonctionnement de notre memoire au quotidien.

Les processus cognitifs de la mémoire prospective

Multimodal or multisensorial agnosia

Les maladies neurodegeneratives et, a un moindre degre, le vieillissement normal, sont caracterises, d'une part, par une diminution du metabolisme cerebral de base, refletant les alterations neuronales et, d'autre part, par des modifications cognitives variables d'un individu a l'autre. Il est possible de correler les valeurs metaboliques recueillies - grâce a la tomographie par emission de positons, lorsque le sujet est au repos - aux performances cognitives pour aboutir a une neuro-anatomie fonctionnelle des modifications cognitives dans les maladies degeneratives et dans le vieillissement normal. Cette methode ouvre la voie a une nouvelle neuropsychologie fonctionnelle chez des sujets exempts de lesions focales visibles par les techniques usuelles d'imagerie morphologique. Il est notamment montre que les deficits deceles lors d'un test de memoire episodique ont pour origine une diminution du metabolisme dans des regions cerebrales differentes pour la maladie d'Alzheimer et pour le vieillissement normal.

/pdf/les-substrats-neuronaux-des-alterations-cognitives-liees-a-1f3967d9i4.pdf

Les substrats neuronaux des altérations cognitives liées à la maladie d'Alzheimer et au vieillissement normal : études par tomographie à émission de positons.

Does resting glucose hypometabolism exceed gray matter atrophy in early Alzheimer's disease (AD)? A voxel-based comparison of structural and functional imaging data

Francis Eustache

Papers

Les processus cognitifs de la mémoire prospective

Multimodal or multisensorial agnosia

Les substrats neuronaux des altérations cognitives liées à la maladie d'Alzheimer et au vieillissement normal : études par tomographie à émission de positons.

Does resting glucose hypometabolism exceed gray matter atrophy in early Alzheimer's disease (AD)? A voxel-based comparison of structural and functional imaging data

Is hippocampal atrophy in healthy elderly individuals with subjective cognitive decline related to amyloid deposition