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Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain—3-Dimensional Proportional System: An Approach to Cerebral Imaging, J. Talairach, P. Tournoux. Georg Thieme Verlag, New York (1988), 122 pp., 130 figs. DM 268

Thirty years of brain imaging research has converged to define the brain’s default network—a novel and only recently appreciated brain system that participates in internal modes of cognition Here we synthesize past observations to provide strong evidence that the default network is a specific, anatomically defined brain system preferentially active when individuals are not focused on the external environment Analysis of connectional anatomy in the monkey supports the presence of an interconnected brain system Providing insight into function, the default network is active when individuals are engaged in internally focused tasks including autobiographical memory retrieval, envisioning the future, and conceiving the perspectives of others Probing the functional anatomy of the network in detail reveals that it is best understood as multiple interacting subsystems The medial temporal lobe subsystem provides information from prior experiences in the form of memories and associations that are the building blocks of mental simulation The medial prefrontal subsystem facilitates the flexible use of this information during the construction of self-relevant mental simulations These two subsystems converge on important nodes of integration including the posterior cingulate cortex The implications of these functional and anatomical observations are discussed in relation to possible adaptive roles of the default network for using past experiences to plan for the future, navigate social interactions, and maximize the utility of moments when we are not otherwise engaged by the external world We conclude by discussing the relevance of the default network for understanding mental disorders including autism, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer’s disease

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The Brain's Default Network Anatomy, Function, and Relevance to Disease

Functional imaging studies have shown that certain brain regions, including posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and ventral anterior cingulate cortex (vACC), consistently show greater activity during resting states than during cognitive tasks. This finding led to the hypothesis that these regions constitute a network supporting a default mode of brain function. In this study, we investigate three questions pertaining to this hypothesis: Does such a resting-state network exist in the human brain? Is it modulated during simple sensory processing? How is it modulated during cognitive processing? To address these questions, we defined PCC and vACC regions that showed decreased activity during a cognitive (working memory) task, then examined their functional connectivity during rest. PCC was strongly coupled with vACC and several other brain regions implicated in the default mode network. Next, we examined the functional connectivity of PCC and vACC during a visual processing task and show that the resultant connectivity maps are virtually identical to those obtained during rest. Last, we defined three lateral prefrontal regions showing increased activity during the cognitive task and examined their resting-state connectivity. We report significant inverse correlations among all three lateral prefrontal regions and PCC, suggesting a mechanism for attenuation of default mode network activity during cognitive processing. This study constitutes, to our knowledge, the first resting-state connectivity analysis of the default mode and provides the most compelling evidence to date for the existence of a cohesive default mode network. Our findings also provide insight into how this network is modulated by task demands and what functions it might subserve.

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Functional connectivity in the resting brain: A network analysis of the default mode hypothesis

Part I. Experimental Studies: 2. Experiment in psychology 3. Experiments on perceiving III Experiments on imaging 4-8. Experiments on remembering: (a) The method of description (b) The method of repeated reproduction (c) The method of picture writing (d) The method of serial reproduction (e) The method of serial reproduction picture material 9. Perceiving, recognizing, remembering 10. A theory of remembering 11. Images and their functions 12. Meaning Part II. Remembering as a Study in Social Psychology: 13. Social psychology 14. Social psychology and the matter of recall 15. Social psychology and the manner of recall 16. Conventionalism 17. The notion of a collective unconscious 18. The basis of social recall 19. A summary and some conclusions.

Remembering. A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology, Cambridge (University Press) 1964.

Profil neuropsychologique des patients alcoolo-dépendants. Identification dans un service d'addictologie et intérêt pour leur prise en charge.

Mental time travel into the past and the future: a fMRI study in healthy adults.

> Les attentats djihadistes contre Charlie Hebdo, de Montrouge et contre l’Hypercasher en janvier 2015, puis ceux du 13 novembre de la même année à Paris et Saint-Denis ont constitué une somme de traumatismes individuels, mais aussi une épreuve pour la société française dans son ensemble et au-delà. Le programme de recherche « 13-Novembre », que nous avons lancé, ne vise pas à décrypter l’événement, mais à comprendre comment se construit et évolue la mémoire de l’événement, mémoire individuelle, si tant est qu’elle existe, et mémoire collective, si tant est qu’on puisse parler de « mémoire collective » au singulier. En effet, on ne peut concevoir la mémoire individuelle comme complètement étanche, illusoire création d’un individu isolé. Elle est toujours le fruit d’interactions avec l’entourage proche, bien sûr, avec des personnages plus lointains, les réseaux sociaux, mais également avec la circulation d’informations reprises dans différents médias. Quant à la mémoire collective, si nous la définissons dans la perspective de Maurice Halbwachs1 [1], comme une représentation sélective du passé visant à la construction identitaire du groupe, on doit considérer qu’il faudra identifier le groupe et sa taille. Mais quelles sont les conditions pour qu’un événement soit structurant pour la mémoire collective ? Il faut qu’il ait un sens, une utilité sociale, qu’il serve à la construction identitaire du groupe et, au-delà, de la société dans son ensemble. Ce vaste programme sur la mémoire du 13 novembre repose sur un suivi longitudinal sur dix ans comprenant quatre moments de captations audiovisuelles, sur la volonté de construire une cohorte des mêmes volontaires suivis tout au long de cette période, sur le choix de l’audiovisuel pour les enregistrements de témoignages, ainsi que sur la volonté d’une approche transdisciplinaire, entendue comme la construction commune de l’objet d’étude. Notre démarche s’inspire du travail remarquable réalisé par le psychologue américain William Hirst2 qui a proposé quatre séries de questionnaires sur les dix ans qui ont suivi le 11 septembre 2001. Les résultats montrent, en particulier, les différences entre flashbulb memory (la mémoire des conditions dans lesquelles on a pris connaissance de l’événement) et event memory (la mémoire de l’événement lui-même). Mais, malgré le souhait initial, ce travail est resté monodisciplinaire (reposant sur la psychologie). Il s’est appuyé sur des questionnaires écrits et n’a pas permis de suivre une cohorte même si, pour une minorité, les mêmes individus ont répondu les quatre fois en dix ans aux dits questionnaires. Notre programme « 13-Novembre » comporte deux grands pans, l’un à dominante socio-psychologique, l’autre à dominante de recherche médicale. Le premier tient dans l’enregistrement audiovisuel de 1 000 personnes qui ont été témoins ou acteurs directs ou indirects des attentats. « L’étude 1 000 » porte sur quatre cercles de participants. Le cercle 1 comprend les survivants des attentats, les témoins, les intervenants extérieurs (services de santé, policiers, magistrats, élus, etc.) et les familles endeuillées ; on peut parler de personnes exposées et donc, pour les psychologues et neuroscientifiques, de cibles potentielles

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13-Novembre : un vaste programme de recherche transdisciplinaire sur la construction de la mémoire

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

To provide guidance regarding the most appropriate voxel-based morphometry (VBM)-derived method for assessing hippocampal atrophy in early Alzheimer's disease (AD).



METHODS

T1-MRI volume data were collected in 23 patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and 18 controls. Three types of data (unmodulated and 2 types of modulated MRI) and 2 extraction methods (with reference to the hippocampal peak of atrophy identified from a preliminary whole-brain analysis, or using a template region of interest–ROI–approach) were compared to the gold-standard individual ROI (ROI-i) method through 2 statistical approaches (ANOVA and Pearson's R).



RESULTS

First, whole-brain analyses performed on modulated data are as sensitive as the ROI-i approach in detecting aMCI patients’ hippocampal atrophy. Second, values extracted from the ROI-template applied to modulated data provide measures of hippocampal volume comparable to those obtained using the ROI-i approach.



CONCLUSIONS

This study provides guidance on how to extract accurate hippocampal measures from VBM-derived data in early AD, as a time-saving and easy alternative to the reference ROI-i method. J Neuroimaging 2011;21:310-316.

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Which SPM method should be used to extract hippocampal measures in early Alzheimer's disease?

Alzheimer's disease has become a major public health issue for occidental societies. Since animal models of Alzheimer's disease currently fail to perfectly mimic pathophysiological mechanisms or the manifestations of the disease, in vivo neuroimaging has a key role in better understanding the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. The diversity of anatomical and functional neuroimaging techniques - anatomical (T1-MRI), functional (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as well as position emission tomography coupled to fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)FDG-PET) - offers a large possibility of investigation of brain alterations in Alzheimer's disease. These techniques have thus provided morphological and functional brain alterations mapping of Alzheimer's disease: on one hand grey matter atrophy first concerns the medial temporal lobe before extending to the temporal neocortex and then other neocortical areas; on the other hand, metabolic alterations are first located within the posterior cingulate cortex and then reach the temporo-parietal area as well as the prefrontal cortex, especially in its medial part. Assessments of white matter alterations with DTI have highlighted a variety of tract alterations including the cingulum bundle, a white matter tract connecting the medial temporal lobe to the posterior cingulate cortex. Finally fMRI activation studies have evidenced compensatory mechanisms through hyperactivations in Alzheimer's disease patients. Altogether these results have led to the hypothesis of two major pathophysiological mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease: on one hand compensatory mechanisms in regions where atrophy exceeds metabolic alterations, on the other disconnection between medial temporal lobe and posterior cingulate cortex through the cingulum bundle, accounting for higher metabolic than structural alterations in the posterior cingulate cortex. Our work has extensively contributed to this disconnection hypothesis thanks to the use of cross-sectional and longitudinal multi-modal neuroimaging approaches. It has underlined the relevance of distant over local mechanisms in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease and offers new perspectives to the exploration of the neural bases of cognitive impairments in this disorder.

Francis Eustache

Papers

Profil neuropsychologique des patients alcoolo-dépendants. Identification dans un service d'addictologie et intérêt pour leur prise en charge.

Mental time travel into the past and the future: a fMRI study in healthy adults.

13-Novembre : un vaste programme de recherche transdisciplinaire sur la construction de la mémoire

Which SPM method should be used to extract hippocampal measures in early Alzheimer's disease?

[Neuroimaging in Alzheimer's disease: a synthesis and a contribution to the understanding of physiopathological mechanisms].