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Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain—3-Dimensional Proportional System: An Approach to Cerebral Imaging, J. Talairach, P. Tournoux. Georg Thieme Verlag, New York (1988), 122 pp., 130 figs. DM 268

Thirty years of brain imaging research has converged to define the brain’s default network—a novel and only recently appreciated brain system that participates in internal modes of cognition Here we synthesize past observations to provide strong evidence that the default network is a specific, anatomically defined brain system preferentially active when individuals are not focused on the external environment Analysis of connectional anatomy in the monkey supports the presence of an interconnected brain system Providing insight into function, the default network is active when individuals are engaged in internally focused tasks including autobiographical memory retrieval, envisioning the future, and conceiving the perspectives of others Probing the functional anatomy of the network in detail reveals that it is best understood as multiple interacting subsystems The medial temporal lobe subsystem provides information from prior experiences in the form of memories and associations that are the building blocks of mental simulation The medial prefrontal subsystem facilitates the flexible use of this information during the construction of self-relevant mental simulations These two subsystems converge on important nodes of integration including the posterior cingulate cortex The implications of these functional and anatomical observations are discussed in relation to possible adaptive roles of the default network for using past experiences to plan for the future, navigate social interactions, and maximize the utility of moments when we are not otherwise engaged by the external world We conclude by discussing the relevance of the default network for understanding mental disorders including autism, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer’s disease

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The Brain's Default Network Anatomy, Function, and Relevance to Disease

Functional imaging studies have shown that certain brain regions, including posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and ventral anterior cingulate cortex (vACC), consistently show greater activity during resting states than during cognitive tasks. This finding led to the hypothesis that these regions constitute a network supporting a default mode of brain function. In this study, we investigate three questions pertaining to this hypothesis: Does such a resting-state network exist in the human brain? Is it modulated during simple sensory processing? How is it modulated during cognitive processing? To address these questions, we defined PCC and vACC regions that showed decreased activity during a cognitive (working memory) task, then examined their functional connectivity during rest. PCC was strongly coupled with vACC and several other brain regions implicated in the default mode network. Next, we examined the functional connectivity of PCC and vACC during a visual processing task and show that the resultant connectivity maps are virtually identical to those obtained during rest. Last, we defined three lateral prefrontal regions showing increased activity during the cognitive task and examined their resting-state connectivity. We report significant inverse correlations among all three lateral prefrontal regions and PCC, suggesting a mechanism for attenuation of default mode network activity during cognitive processing. This study constitutes, to our knowledge, the first resting-state connectivity analysis of the default mode and provides the most compelling evidence to date for the existence of a cohesive default mode network. Our findings also provide insight into how this network is modulated by task demands and what functions it might subserve.

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Functional connectivity in the resting brain: A network analysis of the default mode hypothesis

Part I. Experimental Studies: 2. Experiment in psychology 3. Experiments on perceiving III Experiments on imaging 4-8. Experiments on remembering: (a) The method of description (b) The method of repeated reproduction (c) The method of picture writing (d) The method of serial reproduction (e) The method of serial reproduction picture material 9. Perceiving, recognizing, remembering 10. A theory of remembering 11. Images and their functions 12. Meaning Part II. Remembering as a Study in Social Psychology: 13. Social psychology 14. Social psychology and the matter of recall 15. Social psychology and the manner of recall 16. Conventionalism 17. The notion of a collective unconscious 18. The basis of social recall 19. A summary and some conclusions.

Remembering. A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology, Cambridge (University Press) 1964.

Une évaluation écologique de la mémoire épisodique

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Reply: Reliability of sperm morphology in predicting function.

Dans cet article, nous decrivons plusieurs evolutions marquantes en neuropsychologie de la memoire. La premiere concerne l'application de cette discipline a differents contextes pathologiques comme les syndromes amnesiques permanents ou transitoires et les etats dementiels. Une deuxieme evolution importante concerne l'adoption de methodes et de modeles theoriques visant a etudier la memoire dans des situations plus proches de la vie quotidienne et l'emphase est portee sur la memoire autobiographique. L'interet des techniques d'imagerie fonctionnelle cerebrale est ensuite souligne et notamment leurs apports a la comprehension de certains syndromes neuropsychologiques. Ces developpements de la neuropsychologie de la memoire, dus en partie a la suppression des barrieres disciplinaires, devraient encore s'accentuer grâce aux progres majeurs realises dans les domaines de la biologie et de la genetique moleculaire.

La recherche en neuropsychologie de la mémoire : évolutions actuelles

Cet article propose une revue des etudes consacrees aux liens entre sommeil et memoire chez l’homme, les plus nombreuses ayant ete realisees chez le sujet jeune. Les travaux de privation de sommeil, d’imagerie cerebrale ou utilisant des methodologies plus originales telles que la stimulation electrique transcrânienne ont permis de preciser les substrats electrophysiologiques sous-tendant l’effet benefique du sommeil sur la memoire et ont abouti a la proposition de plusieurs modeles theoriques. Les donnees chez l’enfant ou le sujet âge, qui attirent depuis quelques annees l’interet des chercheurs, sont fondamentales pour une comprehension globale du processus de consolidation mnesique. Les etudes chez l’enfant soulignent le role du sommeil lent dans la consolidation des apprentissages declaratifs. Les liens entre sommeil et memoire procedurale, contrairement a ce qui est observe chez l’adulte, sont moins bien etablis. Chez le sujet âge, la diminution du sommeil lent profond expliquerait, au moins en partie, les troubles de la consolidation en memoire episodique. La diminution des niveaux d’acetylcholine pourrait quant a elle avoir un effet deletere sur la consolidation en memoire procedurale.

Liens entre sommeil et mémoire au fil de la vie

Neuropsychological and neuroimaging differences between individuals with subjective cognitive decline recruited from memory clinic versus from the general population

Francis Eustache

Papers

Une évaluation écologique de la mémoire épisodique

Reply: Reliability of sperm morphology in predicting function.

La recherche en neuropsychologie de la mémoire : évolutions actuelles

Liens entre sommeil et mémoire au fil de la vie

Neuropsychological and neuroimaging differences between individuals with subjective cognitive decline recruited from memory clinic versus from the general population