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Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain—3-Dimensional Proportional System: An Approach to Cerebral Imaging, J. Talairach, P. Tournoux. Georg Thieme Verlag, New York (1988), 122 pp., 130 figs. DM 268

Thirty years of brain imaging research has converged to define the brain’s default network—a novel and only recently appreciated brain system that participates in internal modes of cognition Here we synthesize past observations to provide strong evidence that the default network is a specific, anatomically defined brain system preferentially active when individuals are not focused on the external environment Analysis of connectional anatomy in the monkey supports the presence of an interconnected brain system Providing insight into function, the default network is active when individuals are engaged in internally focused tasks including autobiographical memory retrieval, envisioning the future, and conceiving the perspectives of others Probing the functional anatomy of the network in detail reveals that it is best understood as multiple interacting subsystems The medial temporal lobe subsystem provides information from prior experiences in the form of memories and associations that are the building blocks of mental simulation The medial prefrontal subsystem facilitates the flexible use of this information during the construction of self-relevant mental simulations These two subsystems converge on important nodes of integration including the posterior cingulate cortex The implications of these functional and anatomical observations are discussed in relation to possible adaptive roles of the default network for using past experiences to plan for the future, navigate social interactions, and maximize the utility of moments when we are not otherwise engaged by the external world We conclude by discussing the relevance of the default network for understanding mental disorders including autism, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer’s disease

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The Brain's Default Network Anatomy, Function, and Relevance to Disease

Functional imaging studies have shown that certain brain regions, including posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and ventral anterior cingulate cortex (vACC), consistently show greater activity during resting states than during cognitive tasks. This finding led to the hypothesis that these regions constitute a network supporting a default mode of brain function. In this study, we investigate three questions pertaining to this hypothesis: Does such a resting-state network exist in the human brain? Is it modulated during simple sensory processing? How is it modulated during cognitive processing? To address these questions, we defined PCC and vACC regions that showed decreased activity during a cognitive (working memory) task, then examined their functional connectivity during rest. PCC was strongly coupled with vACC and several other brain regions implicated in the default mode network. Next, we examined the functional connectivity of PCC and vACC during a visual processing task and show that the resultant connectivity maps are virtually identical to those obtained during rest. Last, we defined three lateral prefrontal regions showing increased activity during the cognitive task and examined their resting-state connectivity. We report significant inverse correlations among all three lateral prefrontal regions and PCC, suggesting a mechanism for attenuation of default mode network activity during cognitive processing. This study constitutes, to our knowledge, the first resting-state connectivity analysis of the default mode and provides the most compelling evidence to date for the existence of a cohesive default mode network. Our findings also provide insight into how this network is modulated by task demands and what functions it might subserve.

/pdf/functional-connectivity-in-the-resting-brain-a-network-33b0k3pd2e.pdf

Functional connectivity in the resting brain: A network analysis of the default mode hypothesis

Part I. Experimental Studies: 2. Experiment in psychology 3. Experiments on perceiving III Experiments on imaging 4-8. Experiments on remembering: (a) The method of description (b) The method of repeated reproduction (c) The method of picture writing (d) The method of serial reproduction (e) The method of serial reproduction picture material 9. Perceiving, recognizing, remembering 10. A theory of remembering 11. Images and their functions 12. Meaning Part II. Remembering as a Study in Social Psychology: 13. Social psychology 14. Social psychology and the matter of recall 15. Social psychology and the manner of recall 16. Conventionalism 17. The notion of a collective unconscious 18. The basis of social recall 19. A summary and some conclusions.

Remembering. A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology, Cambridge (University Press) 1964.

Les troubles du comportement, depuis longtemps decrits dans la demence fronto-temporale (DFT), alterent les relations interpersonnelles. Ces perturbations pourraient etre expliquees en partie par des difficultes de cognition sociale. La cognition sociale regroupe un ensemble de processus specifiquement impliques dans les relations sociales, en permettant de produire des reponses comportementales adaptees a des stimuli sociaux. Elle correspond a un concept complexe constitue de processus distincts, pouvant s’influencer mutuellement. Des deficits des differents processus de cognition sociale sont rapportes dans la DFT. Toutefois, les liens entre ces troubles et les desordres comportementaux sont encore mal compris. Nous montrerons dans cette revue dans quelle mesure les differents processus de cognition sociale sont atteints dans la DFT, en nous interessant plus particulierement a la reconnaissance des emotions, l’empathie, les connaissances sociales et la theorie de l’esprit. Enfin, nous presenterons les liens qu’entretiennent les differents processus de cognition sociale entre eux, ainsi que leurs liens avec les troubles du comportement.

La cognition sociale dans la démence fronto-temporale

Pourquoi notre mémoire est-elle si fragile ?

Mémoire et vieillissement normal : données comportementales et électrophysiologiques

(1) Inserm-EPHE-Universite de Caen Basse Normandie, Unite E0218, Caen, France. La maladie d’Alzheimer (MA) est une maladie neurodegenerative qui touche les deux tiers des personnes âgees dementes. Avec le vieillissement de la population, ce chiffre risque d’augmenter dans les annees a venir. L’enjeu que constitue le depistage de cette maladie est donc tres important. A l’heure actuelle, le diagnostic n’est pose avec certitude que post-mortem , apres autopsie du cerveau. Les criteres cliniques (1, 45) ne fournissent qu’un diagnostic probabiliste de l’affection et ce a un stade deja evolue de la maladie. Le diagnostic de la MA a un stade precoce constitue donc une priorite du point de vue de la sante publique et devient un objectif pour la recherche. Aussi, les etudes visant a determiner des facteurs predictifs de la maladie se multiplient. Dans ce but, une population de patients s’avere etre une cible privilegiee : les patients MCI ( Mild Cognitive Impairment ou « deficit cognitif leger »). Ces patients presentent une perturbation des capacites cognitives superieure aux difficultes induites par le vieillissement normal mais en l’absence de syndrome dementiel. Plus particulierement, les MCI dits « amnestic » sont des individus presentant un deficit isole de la memoire episodique, systeme mnesique responsable de l’encodage, du stockage et de la recuperation des evenements et de leur contexte temporo-spatial d’acquisition (69), deficit qui pourrait constituer les premieres manifestations de la maladie. Chez ces patients, le risque de developper la MA est accru : le taux de conversion vers la MA est de 10 a 15 % par an (53, 56). En consequence, les MCI constituent une population d’etude ideale : parce qu’une partie importante d’entre eux developpera la MA dans les annees qui suivent, ils sont susceptibles de presenter entre autres des signes neurobiologiques precurseurs de la pathologie. ALTERATIONS NEUROBIOLOGIQUES ET NEUROIMAGERIE DANS LA MALADIE D’ALZHEIMER

https://www.encephale.com/content/download/86019/1483616/version/1/file/main.pdf

Maladie d’alzheimer, hippocampe et neuroimagerie

Depuis plus 60 ans, les travaux en neuropsychologie ont conduit a d’importantes avancees notamment en ce qui concerne la memoire et le langage. Les etudes portant sur la cognition sociale sont, quant a elles, beaucoup plus recentes. La notion de cognition sociale, issue de la psychologie sociale, regroupe aujourd’hui l’ensemble des processus qui permettent aux individus de donner sens aux autres et a eux-memes afin de coordonner leurs environnements sociaux respectifs. Parmi ces processus, ceux concernant les habiletes de theorie de l’esprit de differents types de patients presentant des maladies neuropsychiatriques ou neurologiques ont ete les plus etudies. Ce concept de theorie de l’esprit s’est revele d’un grand interet clinique tant au plan du diagnostic que pour la prise en charge des patients. D’importantes avancees methodologiques et theoriques ont ete faites mais, pour etre efficaces, les travaux futurs devront beneficier des methodes et des resultats de la psychologie sociale.

Francis Eustache

Papers

La cognition sociale dans la démence fronto-temporale

Pourquoi notre mémoire est-elle si fragile ?

Mémoire et vieillissement normal : données comportementales et électrophysiologiques

Maladie d’alzheimer, hippocampe et neuroimagerie

Vers une neuropsychologie sociale