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Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain—3-Dimensional Proportional System: An Approach to Cerebral Imaging, J. Talairach, P. Tournoux. Georg Thieme Verlag, New York (1988), 122 pp., 130 figs. DM 268

Thirty years of brain imaging research has converged to define the brain’s default network—a novel and only recently appreciated brain system that participates in internal modes of cognition Here we synthesize past observations to provide strong evidence that the default network is a specific, anatomically defined brain system preferentially active when individuals are not focused on the external environment Analysis of connectional anatomy in the monkey supports the presence of an interconnected brain system Providing insight into function, the default network is active when individuals are engaged in internally focused tasks including autobiographical memory retrieval, envisioning the future, and conceiving the perspectives of others Probing the functional anatomy of the network in detail reveals that it is best understood as multiple interacting subsystems The medial temporal lobe subsystem provides information from prior experiences in the form of memories and associations that are the building blocks of mental simulation The medial prefrontal subsystem facilitates the flexible use of this information during the construction of self-relevant mental simulations These two subsystems converge on important nodes of integration including the posterior cingulate cortex The implications of these functional and anatomical observations are discussed in relation to possible adaptive roles of the default network for using past experiences to plan for the future, navigate social interactions, and maximize the utility of moments when we are not otherwise engaged by the external world We conclude by discussing the relevance of the default network for understanding mental disorders including autism, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer’s disease

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The Brain's Default Network Anatomy, Function, and Relevance to Disease

Functional imaging studies have shown that certain brain regions, including posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and ventral anterior cingulate cortex (vACC), consistently show greater activity during resting states than during cognitive tasks. This finding led to the hypothesis that these regions constitute a network supporting a default mode of brain function. In this study, we investigate three questions pertaining to this hypothesis: Does such a resting-state network exist in the human brain? Is it modulated during simple sensory processing? How is it modulated during cognitive processing? To address these questions, we defined PCC and vACC regions that showed decreased activity during a cognitive (working memory) task, then examined their functional connectivity during rest. PCC was strongly coupled with vACC and several other brain regions implicated in the default mode network. Next, we examined the functional connectivity of PCC and vACC during a visual processing task and show that the resultant connectivity maps are virtually identical to those obtained during rest. Last, we defined three lateral prefrontal regions showing increased activity during the cognitive task and examined their resting-state connectivity. We report significant inverse correlations among all three lateral prefrontal regions and PCC, suggesting a mechanism for attenuation of default mode network activity during cognitive processing. This study constitutes, to our knowledge, the first resting-state connectivity analysis of the default mode and provides the most compelling evidence to date for the existence of a cohesive default mode network. Our findings also provide insight into how this network is modulated by task demands and what functions it might subserve.

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Functional connectivity in the resting brain: A network analysis of the default mode hypothesis

Part I. Experimental Studies: 2. Experiment in psychology 3. Experiments on perceiving III Experiments on imaging 4-8. Experiments on remembering: (a) The method of description (b) The method of repeated reproduction (c) The method of picture writing (d) The method of serial reproduction (e) The method of serial reproduction picture material 9. Perceiving, recognizing, remembering 10. A theory of remembering 11. Images and their functions 12. Meaning Part II. Remembering as a Study in Social Psychology: 13. Social psychology 14. Social psychology and the matter of recall 15. Social psychology and the manner of recall 16. Conventionalism 17. The notion of a collective unconscious 18. The basis of social recall 19. A summary and some conclusions.

Remembering. A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology, Cambridge (University Press) 1964.

Depuis les annees 1990, plusieurs travaux ont mis en evidence des troubles cognitifs chez les patientes traitees pour un cancer du sein par chimiotherapie, mais aussi par hormonotherapie. Malgre ce frequent constat, la nature exacte de ces troubles et les mecanismes impliques ne sont toujours pas elucides. Apres avoir fait le point sur l'impact des differentes therapies anticancereuses sur les fonctions cognitives dans le cancer du sein, nous evoquerons de nouvelles perspectives pour la recherche dans ce domaine. De plus, du fait de la survenue chez certaines patientes de troubles cognitifs avant meme le debut du traitement par chimiotherapie, nous evoquerons l'hypothese d'un impact des bouleversements psychosociologiques apres le diagnostic du cancer sur le fonctionnement cognitif. Nous soulignerons egalement l'importance des etudes chez les patientes âgees, puisque l'âge n'est pas un critere limitant la prescription des traitements. Enfin, nous evoquerons le developpement recent des etudes en imagerie cerebrale qui visent a preciser les substrats neuraux de ces modifications cognitives.

L'impact du cancer et de ses traitements sur les fonctions cognitives : l'exemple du cancer du sein

Resume En neuropsychologie, la memoire autobiographique fait reference aux evenements personnellement vecus situes dans le temps et dans l’espace qui donnent au sujet un sentiment d’identite et de continuite. Meme si des interactions entre memoire individuelle et memoire collective ont ete soulignees, son evaluation porte essentiellement sur la dimension personnelle et subjective. Depuis la fin du xxe siecle, ce qui est appele en psychologie et en neurosciences le « tournant social » a conduit progressivement a la reconnaissance des aspects sociaux de la memoire et il est maintenant admis que les souvenirs se situent a l’interface de l’identite personnelle et des representations collectives. Cet article rend compte de cette evolution en citant les principales contributions au domaine de la memoire autobiographique. Enfin, il evoque le programme « 13-Novembre » elabore specifiquement pour mieux comprendre les interactions entre memoire individuelle et memoire collective, dans le contexte d’un evenement traumatique a grande echelle. L’approche transdisciplinaire qui y est formalisee necessite des developpements methodologiques et theoriques majeurs. Au-dela de son interet manifeste pour comprendre le trouble de stress post-traumatique, ce cadre nouveau pourrait permettre une autre lecture de differentes pathologies de la memoire.

http://www.jle.com/fr/revues/nrp/e-docs/la_force_de_la_memoire_collective_dans_la_memoire_autobiographique_311590/article.phtml?tab=download&pj_key=doc_attach_37747

La force de la mémoire collective dans la mémoire autobiographique

Ce numero de la Revue de neuropsychologie comprend les textes issus du 20e seminaire Jean-Louis Signoret qui avait pour theme « Langage et aphasie ». Comme un retour aux sources, ce sujet etait celui qui avait ete retenu pour le premier seminaire Jean-Louis Signoret qui s’etait tenu a la Faculte de medecine de Caen en 1992, un an apres la mort du professeur Jean-Louis Signoret (1933-1991). Ce premier seminaire avait ete publie, comme de nombreux autres qui suivirent, aux editions [...]

Langage et mémoire : aux racines de la neuropsychologie

O2-3 Le rôle permanent de l’hippocampe dans les souvenirs autobiographiques épisodiques : étude en IRMf chez des sujets âgés sains évoquant cinq périodes d’encodage

month period. Consequently, results anticipated within the next 12 months. Conclusions: Given the reported estimations that indicate a high rate of delirium in the older population, a primary aim is to determine the prevalence of confirmed cases of delirium in individuals who presented to ED of Eastern Health for 2009, as well as 2010. A further aim of the current study is to clarify the nature and extent of confusional states in older individuals who present to the three Emergency Departments within Eastern Health over a 12 month period (i.e., 2011). The final aim was to determine the proportion of patients who had been seen at ED and previously diagnosed with a delirium, but had an undetected underlying dementing illness, as detected at review post discharge. However, conclusions will drawn at the end of the study.

Francis Eustache

Papers

L'impact du cancer et de ses traitements sur les fonctions cognitives : l'exemple du cancer du sein

La force de la mémoire collective dans la mémoire autobiographique

Langage et mémoire : aux racines de la neuropsychologie

O2-3 Le rôle permanent de l’hippocampe dans les souvenirs autobiographiques épisodiques : étude en IRMf chez des sujets âgés sains évoquant cinq périodes d’encodage

Theory of mind in Alzheimer's disease