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Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain—3-Dimensional Proportional System: An Approach to Cerebral Imaging, J. Talairach, P. Tournoux. Georg Thieme Verlag, New York (1988), 122 pp., 130 figs. DM 268

Thirty years of brain imaging research has converged to define the brain’s default network—a novel and only recently appreciated brain system that participates in internal modes of cognition Here we synthesize past observations to provide strong evidence that the default network is a specific, anatomically defined brain system preferentially active when individuals are not focused on the external environment Analysis of connectional anatomy in the monkey supports the presence of an interconnected brain system Providing insight into function, the default network is active when individuals are engaged in internally focused tasks including autobiographical memory retrieval, envisioning the future, and conceiving the perspectives of others Probing the functional anatomy of the network in detail reveals that it is best understood as multiple interacting subsystems The medial temporal lobe subsystem provides information from prior experiences in the form of memories and associations that are the building blocks of mental simulation The medial prefrontal subsystem facilitates the flexible use of this information during the construction of self-relevant mental simulations These two subsystems converge on important nodes of integration including the posterior cingulate cortex The implications of these functional and anatomical observations are discussed in relation to possible adaptive roles of the default network for using past experiences to plan for the future, navigate social interactions, and maximize the utility of moments when we are not otherwise engaged by the external world We conclude by discussing the relevance of the default network for understanding mental disorders including autism, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer’s disease

/pdf/the-brain-s-default-network-anatomy-function-and-relevance-3sxu9umxjl.pdf

The Brain's Default Network Anatomy, Function, and Relevance to Disease

Functional imaging studies have shown that certain brain regions, including posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and ventral anterior cingulate cortex (vACC), consistently show greater activity during resting states than during cognitive tasks. This finding led to the hypothesis that these regions constitute a network supporting a default mode of brain function. In this study, we investigate three questions pertaining to this hypothesis: Does such a resting-state network exist in the human brain? Is it modulated during simple sensory processing? How is it modulated during cognitive processing? To address these questions, we defined PCC and vACC regions that showed decreased activity during a cognitive (working memory) task, then examined their functional connectivity during rest. PCC was strongly coupled with vACC and several other brain regions implicated in the default mode network. Next, we examined the functional connectivity of PCC and vACC during a visual processing task and show that the resultant connectivity maps are virtually identical to those obtained during rest. Last, we defined three lateral prefrontal regions showing increased activity during the cognitive task and examined their resting-state connectivity. We report significant inverse correlations among all three lateral prefrontal regions and PCC, suggesting a mechanism for attenuation of default mode network activity during cognitive processing. This study constitutes, to our knowledge, the first resting-state connectivity analysis of the default mode and provides the most compelling evidence to date for the existence of a cohesive default mode network. Our findings also provide insight into how this network is modulated by task demands and what functions it might subserve.

/pdf/functional-connectivity-in-the-resting-brain-a-network-33b0k3pd2e.pdf

Functional connectivity in the resting brain: A network analysis of the default mode hypothesis

Part I. Experimental Studies: 2. Experiment in psychology 3. Experiments on perceiving III Experiments on imaging 4-8. Experiments on remembering: (a) The method of description (b) The method of repeated reproduction (c) The method of picture writing (d) The method of serial reproduction (e) The method of serial reproduction picture material 9. Perceiving, recognizing, remembering 10. A theory of remembering 11. Images and their functions 12. Meaning Part II. Remembering as a Study in Social Psychology: 13. Social psychology 14. Social psychology and the matter of recall 15. Social psychology and the manner of recall 16. Conventionalism 17. The notion of a collective unconscious 18. The basis of social recall 19. A summary and some conclusions.

Remembering. A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology, Cambridge (University Press) 1964.

Resume Des formes atypiques de la maladie d’Alzheimer (MA) sont decrites depuis longtemps, mais ce n’est que recemment que les variantes aphasique, frontale et visuospatiale ont ete integrees aux criteres de diagnostic clinique et de recherche de la MA. Il est aujourd’hui possible d’etablir, in vivo, un diagnostic de variante frontale de la MA (vf-MA) avec un haut degre de probabilite, en confrontant le profil neuropsychologique et les biomarqueurs. Toutefois, le profil neuropsychologique et comportemental des patients presentant une vf-MA est encore mal connu, menant souvent a des difficultes de diagnostic et a une confusion avec la variante comportementale des degenerescences lobaires frontotemporales (vc-DLFT). L’evaluation de la cognition sociale semble etre une piste prometteuse dans le cadre de la contribution au diagnostic differentiel entre la vf-MA, la MA et la vc-DLFT.

https://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-01693344/document

La variante frontale de la maladie d’Alzheimer

http://www.cell.com/article/S2589004222017886/pdf

Attentional capture mediates the emergence and suppression of intrusive memories

Behavioral data on episodic recollection in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) point limited relational memory functioning. However, the involvement of successive memory processes in the profile of episodic memory in ASD needs more study. Here, we used Event-Related Potentials (ERP) to investigate the time-course of episodic recollection with an associative recognition paradigm with picture pairs.

Twenty-two participants with ASD and 32 with Typical Development (TD), all right-handed, were included. Behavioral results confirmed difficulties in correctly recognizing identical pairs in the ASD relative to TD group. We found an unexpected amplitude decrement on the P2 (220–270ms) and FN400 (350–470ms) potentials, suggesting diminished priming and familiarity effects in the ASD relative to TD group. However, ERP data revealed that the recognition of associative information relies on the same electrophysiological process (old/new effect in the 600-700ms Late Positive Component) in ASD participants as in TD ones, with a parietal extension in the ASD group.

These results suggest that the electrophysiological processes of associative recognition are qualitatively similar in individuals with and without ASD but may differ quantitatively. This difference may be driven by the reduced early processing of picture pairs that may in turn lead to their diminished integration into the semantic memory system, being partially compensated by a greater involvement of associative memory during the recollection process. Other studies would be useful to go further in identifying these cognitive processes involved in atypical recognition in ASD and their neural substrates.�

Lay summary: We identified diminished performance on the associative recognition of picture pairs in adolescents and young adults with autism when compared to typical development. Electrophysiological data revealed qualitative similarities but quantitative differences between-group, with diminished priming and familiarity processes partially compensated by an enhanced parietal recollection process.

Exploring the ERP time-course of associative recognition in Autism

Les leçons de l'amnésie

Priming refers to a change in the ability to identify or produce an item as a result of a specific prior encounter with this item or a similar item. According to the nature of processed stimuli representations, two forms of priming are distinguished : perceptual and conceptual (or semantic) priming. The modular approach of memory postulates that these priming forms depend on different brain systems. Functional brain imaging represents a new way of testing this concept. This article presents the results of studies that have used positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRl) to explore synoptic activity, and the electrophysiological techniques, such as event-related potentials (ERP). Emphasis is placed on the contribution of these studies to specify the psychological and functional characteristics of priming, as well as on their convergence with experimental psychology and neuropsychological studies.

Francis Eustache

Papers

La variante frontale de la maladie d’Alzheimer

Attentional capture mediates the emergence and suppression of intrusive memories

Exploring the ERP time-course of associative recognition in Autism

Les leçons de l'amnésie

Apports de l'imagerie fonctionnelle cérébrale à la modélisation des effets d'amorçage