Jane Carter Ingram

TL;DR: The comparison of costs of nature-based defence projects and engineering structures show that salt-marshes and mangroves can be two to five times cheaper than a submerged breakwater for wave heights up to half a metre and, within their limits, become more cost effective at greater depths.

TL;DR: This study uses high-resolution flood and loss models to quantify the impacts of coastal wetlands in the northeastern USA on regional flood damages by Hurricane Sandy and local annual flood losses in Barnegat Bay in Ocean County, New Jersey.

TL;DR: Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) mechanisms leverage economic and social incentives to shape how people influence natural processes and achieve conservation and sustainability goals as mentioned in this paper. But many projects are based on weak scientific foundations, and effectiveness is rarely evaluated with the rigor necessary for scaling up and understanding the importance of these approaches as policy instruments and conservation tools.

TL;DR: Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) represent a mechanism for promoting sustainable management of ecosystem services, and can also be useful for supporting rural development as mentioned in this paper, however, few studies have demonstrated quantitatively the benefits for biodiversity and rural communities resulting from PES.

TL;DR: In this article, a conceptual model to map the degree of human dependence on marine ecosystems based on the magnitude of the benefit, susceptibility of people to a loss of that benefit, and the availability of alternatives is presented.