Showing papers by "John W. van de Lindt published in 2018"

Seismic design of cross-laminated timber buildings

Abstract: The increasing interest in cross-laminated timber (CLT) construction has resulted in multiple international research projects and publications covering the manufacturing and performance of CLT. Multiple regions and countries have adopted provisions for CLT into their engineering design standards and building regulations. Designing and building CLT structures, also in earthquake-prone regions is no longer a domain for early adopters, but is becoming a part of regular timber engineering practice. The increasing interest in CLT construction has resulted in multiple regions and countries adopting provisions for CLT into their engineering design standards. However, given the economic and legal differences between each region, some fundamental issues are treated differently, particularly with respect to seismic design. This article reflects the state-of-the-art on seismic design of CLT buildings including both, the global perspective and regional differences comparing the seismic design practice in Europe, Canada, the United States, New Zealand, Japan, China, and Chile.

Restoration and functionality assessment of a community subjected to tornado hazard

Abstract: The loss of infrastructure functionality for a community from a tornado can significantly affect economic vitality and result in substantial social disruption. The duration of the loss of functionality is a decisive factor in the magnitude of the economic disruption caused by a tornado. Therefore, quantitative models for the post-tornado restoration processes are needed in order to provide risk-informed decision support. In this study, the water network, electric power network, school buildings, residential buildings and businesses were modelled with their relative spatial distribution along with select dependencies and cross-dependencies in order to investigate the restoration of a community in the aftermath of a disaster. A tornado path was simulated using statistics from a historical tornado database. Based on the damage level of the components and their connectivity throughout the community, the functionality of the supplier nodes was assessed through a Monte Carlo simulation. Finally, the rep...

Community Resilience-Focused Technical Investigation of the 2016 Lumberton, North Carolina, Flood: An Interdisciplinary Approach

Abstract: In early October 2016, Hurricane Matthew crossed North Carolina as a Category 1 storm, with some areas receiving 0.38–0.46 m (15–18 in.) of rainfall on already saturated soil. The NIST-fund...

Development of Physics-Based Tsunami Fragility Functions Considering Structural Member Failures

Abstract: A probabilistic framework is presented for the development of physics and simulation-based parametrized tsunami fragility functions for structures accounting for structural member failures....

Minimal Building Fragility Portfolio for Damage Assessment of Communities Subjected to Tornadoes

Abstract: Tornadoes are considered a low-probability high-consequence event that can cause significant damage to community infrastructure, resulting in injuries and fatalities and ultimately creating...

Wind Performance Enhancement Strategies for Residential Wood-Frame Buildings

Abstract: Extreme winds such as tornadoes and hurricanes are relatively common natural hazards in the United States and can result in fatalities as well as damaging physical and socioeconomic infrast...

Hindcasting community-level building damage for the 2011 Joplin EF5 tornado

Abstract: Resiliency of communities prone to natural hazards can be enhanced through the use of risk-informed decision-making tools. These tools can provide community decision makers key information, thereby providing them the ability to consider an array of mitigation and/or recovery strategies. The Center for Risk-Based Community Resilience Planning, headquartered at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado, developed an Interdependent Networked Community Resilience (IN-CORE) computational environment. The purpose of developing this computational environment is to build a decision-support system, for professional risk planners and emergency responders, but even more focused on allowing researchers to explore community resilience science. The eventual goal was being to integrate a broad range of scientific, engineering and observational data to produce a detailed assessment of the potential impact of natural and man-made hazards for risk mitigation, planning and recovery purposes. The developing computational environment will be capable of simulating the effects from different natural hazards on the physical and socioeconomic sectors of a community, accounting for interdependencies between the sectors. However, in order to validate this computational tool, hindcasting of a real event was deemed necessary. Therefore, in this study, the community of Joplin, Missouri in the USA, which was hit by an EF-5 tornado on May 22, 2011, is modeled in the IN-CORE v1.0 computational environment. An explanation of the algorithm used within IN-CORE is also provided. This tornado was the costliest and deadliest single tornado in the USA in the last half century. Using IN-CORE, by uploading a detailed topological dataset of the community and the estimated tornado path combined with recently developed physics-based tornado fragilities, the damage caused by the tornado to all buildings in the city of Joplin was estimated. The results were compared with the damage reported from field studies following the event. This damage assessment was done using three hypothetical idealized tornado scenarios, and results show very good correlation with observed damage which will provide useful information to decision makers for community resilience planning.

Quantifying Socioeconomic Impact of a Tornado by Estimating Population Outmigration as a Resilience Metric at the Community Level.

Abstract: Policymakers, community leaders, engineers, and researchers have gained interest in understanding tornado-resilient buildings, in part because of the number of deadly and destructive tornad...

The interdependent networked community resilience modeling environment (in-core)

Abstract: The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) funded the multi-university five-year Center of Excellence for Risk-Based Community Resilience Planning (CoE), headquartered at Colorado State University, to develop the measurement science to support community resilience assessment. Measurement science is implemented in a computational environment with fully integrated supporting databases to model the impact of natural hazards on communities including recovery, evaluate the key attributes that make communities resilient, and optimize resilience enhancement/planning strategies. The Interdependent Networked Community Resilience Modeling Environment (abbreviated as IN-CORE) is built upon the MAEViz/Ergo software. Version 1 of INCORE (i.e., IN-CORE 1.0) allows the modeling of the performance of (inter)dependent physical infrastructure when subject to natural hazards, as well their recovery. Social systems are also considered using state-of-theresearch models, while economic impacts are assessed using computable generalized equilibrium (CGE) models, thus forming a nexus of physical, social, and economic domains. Version 2 of IN-CORE (i.e., IN-CORE 2.0) will include hurricanes, coastal storm surge and riverine flooding, as well as multi-hazard events, and will optimize a combination of public and private investment strategies prior to and/or after an event with the goal of improving community resilience as quantified by the resilience metrics identified by the CoE. This paper provides an overview of IN-CORE 1.0 and touches on some of the modeling features in IN-CORE 2.0, which is scheduled for release in 2019.

Fatality and Injury Prediction Model for Tornadoes

Abstract: Over the last 10 years, tornadoes have caused the highest number of fatalities among natural hazards in the United States. Supercell-spawned tornadoes can be in excess of 1 km wide and ofte...

Full-scale shake table test of a two story mass-timber building with resilient rocking walls

Abstract: The NHERI TallWood project is a U.S. National Science Foundation-funded four-year research project focusing on the development of a resilient tall wood building design philosophy. One of the first major tasks within the project was to test a full-scale two-story mass timber building at the largest shake table in the U.S., the NHERI@UCSD’s outdoor shake table facility, to study the dynamic behaviour of a mass timber building with a resilient rocking wall system. The specimen consisted of two coupled two-story tall post-tensioned cross laminated timber rocking walls surrounded by mass timber gravity frames simulating a realistic portion of a building floor plan at full scale. Diaphragms consisted of bare CLT at the first floor level and concrete-topped, composite CLT at the roof. The specimen was subjected to ground motions scaled to three intensity levels representing frequent, design basis, and maximum considered earthquakes. In this paper, the design and implementation of this test program is summarized. The performance of the full building system under these different levels of seismic intensity is presented.

Nonlinear Modeling of Wood-Frame Shear Wall Systems for Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering: Recommendations for the ASCE 41 Standard

Abstract: Wood shear wall systems are the primary elements of seismic force-resisting system (SFRS) in virtually all light-frame wood buildings. Wood-frame buildings are unique because their nonstruc...

Experimental modeling of wave forces and hydrodynamics on elevated coastal structures subject to waves, surge or tsunamis: the effect of breaking, shielding and debris

Abstract: Coastal communities provide important economic, transport, and recreational services to large numbers of people worldwide. However, these coastal communities are vulnerable to damage by extreme events such as tropical cyclones or tsunamis. Waves and surge, as well as tsunami-wave events, may cause extensive damage to elevated structures through a combination of horizontal and vertical wave and surge-induced forces. Structural elevation has been shown to be a critical variable affecting damage and loss. Recent efforts have been made to retrofit structures or improve coastal protection and damage mitigation plans in coastal communities to increase community resilience. However, to effectively retrofit old structures or design new structures to resist damage due to hurricanes or tsunamis, engineers require an accurate estimation of both the wave hydrodynamics and the resulting loads.

Experimental Investigation of Seismic Uncertainty Propagation through Shake Table Tests

Abstract: The propagation of uncertainty in seismic response analysis is the mechanism through which ground motion (GM) uncertainty and structural parameter (SP) uncertainty contribute to response va...

Numerical modeling of non-breaking, impulsive breaking, and broken wave interaction with elevated coastal structures

Abstract: Hurricanes generate elevated surge levels and strong waves that can cause extensive damage to buildings and other coastal infrastructure, especially those located in low-lying coastal regions. The history of recorded damage on buildings near the shoreline from past storms indicates that the intensity of storms and resulting damage has increased over the past 30 years (Emanuel, 2005). For example, the United States has been impacted by recent events such as Hurricanes Katrina (2005), Ike (2008), Sandy (2012), and Harvey (2017). Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models have been widely developed and applied to estimate the wave pressure and forces; advances in recent years have been supported by an increase in computation power, which allows more detailed calculations of the complex hydrodynamics associated with wave action. The performance of CFD models must be validated or verified through detailed comparisons with benchmark tests (e.g. analytic solutions or physical experiments).

Modeling Community Resilience: Update on the Center for Risk-Based Community Resilience Planning and the Computational Environment IN-CORE

Abstract: Community resilience is often defined as the ability of a community to prepare for, absorb, and recover rapidly from a hazard event. In 2015, the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) funded the Center for Risk-Based Community Resilience Planning headquartered at Colorado State University, with the overarching objective of advancing measurement science related to community resilience through three objectives: (1) developing a computational environment that will allow researchers to identify attributes that resilient communities possess and make risk-informed decisions to enhance community resilience; (2) developing a standardized data ontology for managing diverse datasets and databases; and (3) conducting field studies and hindcasts to validate the computational environment. The Interconnected Networked Community Resilience Modeling Environment (IN-CORE), scheduled to be released at the end of 2019 as an open-source computational environment is the Center’s main research product. IN-CORE utilizes the Jupyter Notebook where users can write Python scripts to call libraries, develop their own algorithms, and study community resilience. This paper introduces some of the special features of IN-CORE, highlights several testbeds related to earthquake and tsunami hazards that will serve as user examples in IN-CORE, reviews a joint Center-NIST longitudinal field study in progress, and outlines the development of a multidisciplinary glossary. The paper concludes with a summary of future tasks within the Center of Excellence and advancements in IN-CORE.

Modeling community resilience to earthquakes and tsunamis: an overview of the center for risk-based community resilience planning

Abstract: Recent events such as the 2011 Christchurch, New Zealand earthquake, the 2011 Great Tohoku, Japan earthquake and tsunami, and Superstorm Sandy in 2012 have highlighted the need to better understand and model community resilience. This is particularly true with regard to interdependencies among physical infrastructure components and systems that exacerbate their lack of functionality and delay community recovery. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) funded the multi university five-year Center of Excellence for Risk-Based Community Resilience Planning (CoE), headquartered at Colorado State University. The Center’s purpose is to (i) develop a computational environment with fully integrated supporting databases to identify, study and understand the key attributes that make communities resilient; (ii) standardize data ontologies for community resilience; (iii) validate the computational environment through hindcasting of events and resilience-based field studies; and (iv) optimize resilience enhancement strategies utilizing these tools and databases. This paper presents a brief overview of the CoE and its current research accomplishments, including a description of the considered testbed communities. In this paper, we discuss the role that robustness to earthquakes and tsunamis play on community resilience including recovery, illustrating the process at the community level. George T. Abell Professor in Infrastructure and Co-Director, Center for Risk-Based Community Resilience Planning, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 (email: jwv@engr.colostate.edu) 2 Professor and Co-Director, Center for Risk-Based Community Resilience Planning, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 (email: bruce.ellingwood@colostate.edu) Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 (email: gardoni@illinois.edu) Professor, Dept. of Civil and Construction Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 (email: dan.cox@oregonstate.edu) Eleventh U.S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering Integrating Science, Engineering & Policy June 25-29, 2018 Los Angeles, California MODELING COMMUNITY RESILIENCE TO EARTHQUAKES AND TSUNAMIS: AN OVERVIEW OF THE CENTER FOR RISKBASED COMMUNITY RESILIENCE PLANNING J.W. van de Lindt, B.R. Ellingwood, P. Gardoni and D.T. Cox