抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

http://www.klinikaikozpont.u-szeged.hu/pedia/images/pdf/CME_TEL/Full-Text/25.pdf

The Hallmarks of Aging

Chromatin, the physiological template of all eukaryotic genetic information, is subject to a diverse array of posttranslational modifications that largely impinge on histone amino termini, thereby regulating access to the underlying DNA. Distinct histone amino-terminal modifications can generate synergistic or antagonistic interaction affinities for chromatin-associated proteins, which in turn dictate dynamic transitions between transcriptionally active or transcriptionally silent chromatin states. The combinatorial nature of histone amino-terminal modifications thus reveals a “histone code” that considerably extends the information potential of the genetic code. We propose that this epigenetic marking system represents a fundamental regulatory mechanism that has an impact on most, if not all, chromatin-templated processes, with far-reaching consequences for cell fate decisions and both normal and pathological development.

/pdf/translating-the-histone-code-l291mddcr9.pdf

Translating the Histone Code

Autophagy in the Pathogenesis of Disease

Single-step purification of polypeptides expressed in Escherichia coli as fusions with glutathione S-transferase.

http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/96399/Guarente_The%20NAD.pdf;sequence=1

The NAD+/Sirtuin Pathway Modulates Longevity through Activation of Mitochondrial UPR and FOXO Signaling

Five intermediate complexes in transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II

NAD+ and sirtuins in aging and disease

Molecular Biology of Aging

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the procedure for high-efficiency transformation of yeast by electroporation The protocol are designed by adapting the principles of bacterial electroporarion to transformarion of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, taking care, in addition, to provide continuous osmotic support of the electrically compromised cells Preparation of cells in advance of electroporation involves four 5-min centrifugations There is minimal preincubation with DNA and no carder nucleic acid, and the pulse itself takes only a moment Subsequent outgrowth is not required, and plating by spreading is sufficient to provide maximal efficiency A prerequisite for molecular biological manipulation of any organism is a reliable and efficient means for introducing exogenous DNA into the cell Yet each of the techniques in general use for transforming yeast—namely, lithium acetate transformation and spheroplast transformation, suffers from significant limitations Lithium acetate transformation, although relatively fast and simple, provides only a low efficiency of DNA transfer (∼l03 colonies/μg of episomal plasmid) Spheroplast transformation, while more efficient (∼1–5 × 104 colonies/μg), is complicated and time consuming

Leonard Guarente

Papers

The NAD+/Sirtuin Pathway Modulates Longevity through Activation of Mitochondrial UPR and FOXO Signaling

Five intermediate complexes in transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II

NAD+ and sirtuins in aging and disease

Molecular Biology of Aging

High-efficiency transformation of yeast by electroporation.