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Principles Of Optics Electromagnetic Theory Of Propagation Interference And Diffraction Of Light

In solid-state materials with strong relativistic spin-orbit coupling, charge currents generate transverse spin currents. The associated spin Hall and inverse spin Hall effects distinguish between charge and spin current where electron charge is a conserved quantity but its spin direction is not. This review provides a theoretical and experimental treatment of this subfield of spintronics, beginning with distinct microscopic mechanisms seen in ferromagnets and concluding with a discussion of optical-, transport-, and magnetization-dynamics-based experiments closely linked to the microscopic and phenomenological theories presented.

Spin Hall effects

The interaction of subpicosecond laser pulses with magnetically ordered materials has developed into a fascinating research topic in modern magnetism. From the discovery of subpicosecond demagnetization over a decade ago to the recent demonstration of magnetization reversal by a single 40 fs laser pulse, the manipulation of magnetic order by ultrashort laser pulses has become a fundamentally challenging topic with a potentially high impact for future spintronics, data storage and manipulation, and quantum computation. Understanding the underlying mechanisms implies understanding the interaction of photons with charges, spins, and lattice, and the angular momentum transfer between them. This paper will review the progress in this field of laser manipulation of magnetic order in a systematic way. Starting with a historical introduction, the interaction of light with magnetically ordered matter is discussed. By investigating metals, semiconductors, and dielectrics, the roles of nearly free electrons, charge redistributions, and spin-orbit and spin-lattice interactions can partly be separated, and effects due to heating can be distinguished from those that are not. It will be shown that there is a fundamental distinction between processes that involve the actual absorption of photons and those that do not. It turns out that for the latter, the polarization of light plays an essential role in the manipulation of the magnetic moments at the femtosecond time scale. Thus, circularly and linearly polarized pulses are shown to act as strong transient magnetic field pulses originating from the nonabsorptive inverse Faraday and inverse Cotton-Mouton effects, respectively. The recent progress in the understanding of magneto-optical effects on the femtosecond time scale together with the mentioned inverse, optomagnetic effects promises a bright future for this field of ultrafast optical manipulation of magnetic order or femtomagnetism.

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Ultrafast optical manipulation of magnetic order

Antiferromagnetic materials could represent the future of spintronic applications thanks to the numerous interesting features they combine: they are robust against perturbation due to magnetic fields, produce no stray fields, display ultrafast dynamics and are capable of generating large magneto-transport effects Intense research efforts over the past decade have been invested in unraveling spin transport properties in antiferromagnetic materials Whether spin transport can be used to drive the antiferromagnetic order and how subsequent variations can be detected are some of the thrilling challenges currently being addressed Antiferromagnetic spintronics started out with studies on spin transfer, and has undergone a definite revival in the last few years with the publication of pioneering articles on the use of spin-orbit interactions in antiferromagnets This paradigm shift offers possibilities for radically new concepts for spin manipulation in electronics Central to these endeavors are the need for predictive models, relevant disruptive materials and new experimental designs This paper reviews the most prominent spintronic effects described based on theoretical and experimental analysis of antiferromagnetic materials It also details some of the remaining bottlenecks and suggests possible avenues for future research

Antiferromagnetic spintronics

This is a brief overview of the state of the art of spin caloritronics, the science and technology of controlling heat currents by the electron spin degree of freedom (and vice versa)

Spin Caloritronics

With our experiment we demonstrate all-optical control of magnetization in a ferromagnet with an unprecedented sub-femtosecond time resolution. The reported results open the doors to a new generation of spintronic devices with petahertz clock-rates.

Ultrafast Charge and Spin Dynamics in Ferromagnets

We report on observation of a magneto-optical effect quadratic in magnetization (Cotton-Mouton effect) in 50 nm thick layer of Yttrium-Iron Garnet (YIG). By a combined theoretical and experimental approach, we managed to quantify both linear and quadratic magneto-optical effects. We show that the quadratic magneto-optical signal in the thin YIG film can exceed the linear magneto-optical response, reaching values of 450 urad that are comparable with Heusler alloys or ferromagnetic semiconductors. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a proper choice of experimental conditions, particularly with respect to the wavelength, is crucial for optimization of the quadratic magneto-optical effect for magnetometry measurement.

Giant quadratic magneto-optical response of thin YIG films for sensitive magnetometric experiments

Spatially resolved measurements of the magnetization dynamics induced by an intense laser pump-pulse reveal that the frequencies of resulting spin wave modes depend strongly on the distance to the pump center. This can be attributed to a laser generated temperature profile. On a CoFeB thin film magnonic crystal, Damon-Eshbach modes are expected to propagate away from the point of excitation. The experiments show that this propagation is frustrated by the strong temperature gradient

Generation of magnonic spin wave traps

Femtosecond laser pulses are used to excite and measure the magnetization dynamics on a CoFeB magnonic waveguide using the double-modulated pump-probe technique. Damon-Eshbach spin-wave modes are detected on a continuous film when exciting the magnonic crystal. This suggests that the spin waves in the waveguide are induced by the magnonic crystal.

Spin-Wave Modes in a CoFeB Magnonic Crystal Waveguide

Fe/Ce multilayers are magnetically soft with coercive fields of a few Oersteds. In these structures the Ce-5d states are magnetically polarized by hybridization with the 3d states of Fe. The element selectivity of X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) is used to measure the magnetization reversal of the Ce-5d states at room temperature. Comparison with the macroscopic magnetization curves studied by the magnetooptical Kerr effect (MOKE) reveal that the ordered Ce-5d moment is not directly coupled to the overall Fe-layer magnetization: the coercitivity of the Ce hysteresis is reduced a factor of two. In view of previous 57Fe Mossbauer spectra this is attributed to an effect of the interface where nominally 1 atomic layer of Fe and Ce are intermixed. Magnetization reversal is initiated in this region due to a reduced magnetocrystalline anisotropy and then propagates into the Fe layers. This interpretation is supported by an experiment on a hydrided multilayer Fe/CeH2.6_6: In this case, there is no intermixing at the interfaces and the magnetization of the Ce-5d electrons follows the Fe-layer magnetization directly.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S194642740037943X

Markus Münzenberg

Papers

Ultrafast Charge and Spin Dynamics in Ferromagnets

Giant quadratic magneto-optical response of thin YIG films for sensitive magnetometric experiments

Generation of magnonic spin wave traps

Spin-Wave Modes in a CoFeB Magnonic Crystal Waveguide

Element-Specific Magnetization Reversal in Fe/Ce Multilayers