Pekka Kaitaniemi

TL;DR: Geant4 as discussed by the authors is a software toolkit for the simulation of the passage of particles through matter, which is used by a large number of experiments and projects in a variety of application domains, including high energy physics, astrophysics and space science, medical physics and radiation protection.

TL;DR: This work reviews possible causes of cycles of E. autumnata under both local and regional scenarios, including large-scale synchrony, and identifies the factors that tend to produce outbreaks with a periodicity of about 10 years.

TL;DR: A simulation model predicting oviposition rate and realized fecundity under given weather conditions indicates that expected realized fertility strongly depends on female size also under field conditions, which causes selection for large body size which is a probable reason for lack of fine-tuned adult behaviour in E. autumnata.

TL;DR: It is suggested that DIR is associated with reduced growth activity of leaves, and may be seen as a delay in the biochemical maturation of leaves in defoliated trees.

TL;DR: For mountain birch, maintenance of normal leaf biomass may be a tolerance strategy for coping with herbivory that is at least as important to a long-lived plant as is induced resistance.