Introduction 1. Woman's Place in Man's Life Cycle 2. Images of Relationship 3. Concepts of Self and Morality 4. Crisis and Transition 5. Women's Rights and Women's Judgment 6. Visions of Maturity References Index of Study Participants General Index

In a Different Voice. Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge, MA (Harvard University Press) 1982.

The planetary boundaries framework defines a safe operating space for humanity based on the intrinsic biophysical processes that regulate the stability of the Earth system. Here, we revise and update the planetary boundary framework, with a focus on the underpinning biophysical science, based on targeted input from expert research communities and on more general scientific advances over the past 5 years. Several of the boundaries now have a two-tier approach, reflecting the importance of cross-scale interactions and the regional-level heterogeneity of the processes that underpin the boundaries. Two core boundaries—climate change and biosphere integrity—have been identified, each of which has the potential on its own to drive the Earth system into a new state should they be substantially and persistently transgressed.

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Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet

The power of feedback.

▪ Abstract Local habitat and biological diversity of streams and rivers are strongly influenced by landform and land use within the surrounding valley at multiple scales. However, empirical associations between land use and stream response only varyingly succeed in implicating pathways of influence. This is the case for a number of reasons, including (a) covariation of anthropogenic and natural gradients in the landscape; (b) the existence of multiple, scale-dependent mechanisms; (c) nonlinear responses; and (d) the difficulties of separating present-day from historical influences. Further research is needed that examines responses to land use under different management strategies and that employs response variables that have greater diagnostic value than many of the aggregated measures in current use. In every respect, the valley rules the stream.      H.B.N. Hynes (1975)

http://deq.idaho.gov/media/525804-Landscapes_Riverscapes_Influence_landuse_stream_ecosystems_Allan_2004.pdf

Landscapes and Riverscapes: The Influence of Land Use on Stream Ecosystems

Biocomposites reinforced with natural fibers: 2000–2010

L'utilisation des assemblages colles s'est considerablement developpee ces dernieres annees et l'exigence d'alleger la masse dans tous les secteurs du transport afin de reduire la consommation d'energie ne peut mener qu'a plus d'applications. Les materiaux composites sont des elements cles dans la strategie de reduction du poids aussi bien dans le cas d'assemblages d'elements composites que dans le cas de liaisons entre composites et structures metalliques. Il existe peu d'essais standards d'assemblages colles capables de caracteriser des assemblages composites. De ce fait, le manque d'essais appropries peut -etre considere comme l'un des facteurs limitant l'utilisation des assemblages colles dans les applications industrielles. Ce papier presente l'utilisation d'un montage Arcan modifie pour determiner le comportement de composites et d'assemblages de composites sous des chargements radiaux hors plans. Le principal avantage de ce dispositif, utilisant un assemblage hybride colle, est de limiter fortement l'influence des effets de bords.

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00385215/document

Définition d'un essai pour analyser le comportement hors plan des assemblages de composites = Definition of a test to analyse the behaviour of composite assemblies under out-of-plane loadings

Du fait de leurs proprietes initiales elevees, les geotextiles a base de fibres aramides sont utilises depuis une dizaine d'annees pour le renforcement des sols. Aujourd'hui, les fabricants de geotextiles envisagent leur utilisation dans les sols alcalins. Cependant le comportement a long terme des fibres aramides dans ces conditions est encore mal connu. Une etude de durabilite en milieu basique a donc ete initiee afin d'apporter une comprehension approfondie des mecanismes de degradation mis en jeu. Ainsi, les caracteristiques physico-chimiques, l'etat de surface, de meme que les proprietes mecaniques des fibres Twaron 1000 ont ete suivis a differents temps de vieillissement.

/pdf/durabilite-des-geotextiles-aramides-en-milieu-alcalin-3kktuonmbn.pdf

Durabilité des géotextiles aramides en milieu alcalin

Composite materials are a key element in weight reduction strategies, so assembly of composite modules and connections between composite and metallic structures are of great importance. Few of the standard adhesive tests are suitable to characterize bonded composite assemblies. In a previous study a modified Arcan fixture, which allows compression or tension to be combined with shear loads, has been designed in order to define an experimental methodology enabling the behaviour of adhesives to be characterized up to failure. It has been numerically shown, that the use of a beak close to the adhesive joint makes it possible to limit the contribution of the singularities due to edge effects. Numerical and experimental results indicate that the test fixture is suitable for obtaining the response of hybrid bonded assemblies (metal-adhesive-composite-adhesive-metal) provided certain conditions are respected to limit the influence of edge effects: i.e. thin composite plate, substrates with beaks, thin adhesive with cleaned free edges. Experimental results underline that the fibre orientations, the characteristics of different plies and the surface preparation all have an influence on the out-of-plane strength of the composite. Some test results, showing the potential of the approach, are presented in the form of failure envelope curves for proportional monotonic out-of-plane loadings. Moreover, some tensile cycling test results with different positive load ratios are also given in order to analyze the behaviour of industrial applications. This study makes it possible to optimize the strength of hybrid bonded assemblies.

/pdf/analysis-of-the-mechanical-behaviour-of-composites-and-their-3aji0q92p4.pdf

Analysis of the Mechanical Behaviour of Composites and their Bonded Assemblies under Tensile or Compression Shear Out-of-Plane Loads

Editorial Issue 11.2

Carbon-based perovskite solar cells (CPSCs) offer a cost effective and efficient solution to the energy crisis through clean energy harvesting. These cells are made up of multiple layers with a carbon top layer which acts as a counter electrode and solves stability issues that were present with noble metallic materials [1]. During manufacture, the carbon flakes within the top layer can orientate themselves in a way that blocks the infiltration of perovskite [2, 3] – blocking 28% of the active area on average [3]. This has only been observed and measured in 2D on a cross-section of the layers. Multiscale 3D characterisation would reveal the structure across the whole cell. Here we demonstrate a novel multimodal workflow for sample preparation and 3D characterisation of carbon-based perovskite solar cells. Understanding the complex network of pores and the orientation of carbon flakes can identify potential perovskite blocking flakes, and the knock-on effects on the active layers below. With 3D microstructural characterisation becoming a more widely used tool, the manufacturing characteristics could be optimised to control the orientation of carbon flakes to improve efficiency of CPSCs.

Peter Davies

Papers

Définition d'un essai pour analyser le comportement hors plan des assemblages de composites = Definition of a test to analyse the behaviour of composite assemblies under out-of-plane loadings

Durabilité des géotextiles aramides en milieu alcalin

Analysis of the Mechanical Behaviour of Composites and their Bonded Assemblies under Tensile or Compression Shear Out-of-Plane Loads

Editorial Issue 11.2

Multimodal 3D Characterisation of Carbon-based Perovskite Solar Cells