Introduction 1. Woman's Place in Man's Life Cycle 2. Images of Relationship 3. Concepts of Self and Morality 4. Crisis and Transition 5. Women's Rights and Women's Judgment 6. Visions of Maturity References Index of Study Participants General Index

In a Different Voice. Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge, MA (Harvard University Press) 1982.

The planetary boundaries framework defines a safe operating space for humanity based on the intrinsic biophysical processes that regulate the stability of the Earth system. Here, we revise and update the planetary boundary framework, with a focus on the underpinning biophysical science, based on targeted input from expert research communities and on more general scientific advances over the past 5 years. Several of the boundaries now have a two-tier approach, reflecting the importance of cross-scale interactions and the regional-level heterogeneity of the processes that underpin the boundaries. Two core boundaries—climate change and biosphere integrity—have been identified, each of which has the potential on its own to drive the Earth system into a new state should they be substantially and persistently transgressed.

/pdf/planetary-boundaries-guiding-human-development-on-a-changing-5gmf909etg.pdf

Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet

The power of feedback.

▪ Abstract Local habitat and biological diversity of streams and rivers are strongly influenced by landform and land use within the surrounding valley at multiple scales. However, empirical associations between land use and stream response only varyingly succeed in implicating pathways of influence. This is the case for a number of reasons, including (a) covariation of anthropogenic and natural gradients in the landscape; (b) the existence of multiple, scale-dependent mechanisms; (c) nonlinear responses; and (d) the difficulties of separating present-day from historical influences. Further research is needed that examines responses to land use under different management strategies and that employs response variables that have greater diagnostic value than many of the aggregated measures in current use. In every respect, the valley rules the stream.      H.B.N. Hynes (1975)

http://deq.idaho.gov/media/525804-Landscapes_Riverscapes_Influence_landuse_stream_ecosystems_Allan_2004.pdf

Landscapes and Riverscapes: The Influence of Land Use on Stream Ecosystems

Biocomposites reinforced with natural fibers: 2000–2010

Polymer and composite materials are being considered for marine applications where long term durability is critical. Unfortunately, for most of these applications it is not possible to perform test programs for ten or more years in order to verify performance, so accelerated testing is widely used. This chapter describes the parameters that can be used to accelerate aging tests and discusses their limitations. Two examples are shown from campaigns lasting over 6 and 8 years, in order to provide data that reveal long term behavior.

Towards More Representative Accelerated Aging of Marine Composites

As the oil industry is looking into exploiting fields in deeper and deeper water, the conventional steel wire ropes used for platform moorings have to be replaced. Polyester lines are being progressively introduced as a lighter alternative anchoring system, but a lack of knowledge on the behaviour of such structures, especially long term, leads to the use of excessively high safety factors in the mooring design process. This paper focuses on three of the technical issues that have to be investigated for the optimisation of synthetic moorings: the choice of polymer, the determination of a relevant experimental scale for studying the behaviour of ropes, and the long term characterization. Mechanical characterisation is presented for two different materials: Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), which is already used for offshore mooring, and Polyethylene Naphthalate (PEN), a recently developed polymer with rather few applications which is twice as stiff as PET. Results for both types of fibre show very similar behaviour, and suggest that PEN could be a possible competitor for offshore mooring application, its higher stiffness resulting in lower offset and smaller mooring lines. The characterisation was performed at different scales, from that of the approximately 20 micron-diameter fibres to an assembled rope of several hundred tons breaking load. Although some of the rope’s characteristics are related to its construction geometry, results show that its global behaviour is controlled by that of the fibre, which is the fundamental component. Finally, in order to obtain information on the long term behaviour of these structures, an accelerated creep test known as the Stepped Isothermal Method was used. The method enables creep data for simulated times of several hundred years to be obtained from 24 hour tests.

/pdf/characterisation-of-long-term-behaviour-of-polyester-fibres-2sraan3dos.pdf

Characterisation of long term behaviour of polyester fibres and fibre assemblies for offshore mooring lines

This study deals with the modeling of the static behavior of synthetic wire ropes. The objective is the determination of the validity domain of two analytical models (Costello and Labrosse) used to predict the overall axial stiffness. First investigations have been performed for isotropic material. The results of the two analytical models are compared with a three-dimensional finite element cable model, using a non-dimensional analysis. Next, Labrosse's model is extended for synthetic fibers rope applications. Tests performed to obtain experimental stiffness measurements are then presented. Finally, predicted stiffness is compared to test results thus validating the analytical approach.

Assessment of Cable Models For Synthetic Mooring Lines

Habitat Profiles of selected Australian Aquatic Insects

Correlative imaging provides a method of investigating complex systems by combining analytical (chemistry) and imaging (tomography) information across dimensions (2D-3D) and scales (centimetres-nanometres). We studied weathering processes in a modern cryptogamic ground cover (CGC) from Iceland, containing early colonizing, and evolutionary ancient, communities of mosses, lichens, fungi, and bacteria. Targeted multi-scale X-ray Microscopy (XRM) of a grain in-situ within a soil core revealed networks of surficial and internal features (tunnels) originating from organic-rich surface holes. Further targeted 2D grain characterisation by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), following an intermediate manual correlative preparation step, revealed Fe-rich nodules within the tunnels. Finally, nanotomographic imaging by focussed ion beam microscopy (FIB-SEM) revealed coccoid and filamentous-like structures within subsurface tunnels, as well as accumulations of Fe and S in grain surface crusts, which may represent a biological rock varnish/glaze. We attribute these features to biological processes. This work highlights the advantages and novelty of the correlative imaging approach, across scales, dimensions, and modes, to investigate biological weathering processes. Further, we demonstrate correlative microscopy as a means of identifying fingerprints of biological communities, which could be used in the geologic rock record and on extra-terrestrial bodies.

/pdf/correlative-microscopy-a-tool-for-understanding-soil-1fcx78qrvo.pdf

Peter Davies

Papers

Towards More Representative Accelerated Aging of Marine Composites

Characterisation of long term behaviour of polyester fibres and fibre assemblies for offshore mooring lines

Assessment of Cable Models For Synthetic Mooring Lines

Habitat Profiles of selected Australian Aquatic Insects

Correlative Microscopy: a tool for understanding soil weathering in modern analogues of early terrestrial biospheres