Introduction 1. Woman's Place in Man's Life Cycle 2. Images of Relationship 3. Concepts of Self and Morality 4. Crisis and Transition 5. Women's Rights and Women's Judgment 6. Visions of Maturity References Index of Study Participants General Index

In a Different Voice. Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge, MA (Harvard University Press) 1982.

The planetary boundaries framework defines a safe operating space for humanity based on the intrinsic biophysical processes that regulate the stability of the Earth system. Here, we revise and update the planetary boundary framework, with a focus on the underpinning biophysical science, based on targeted input from expert research communities and on more general scientific advances over the past 5 years. Several of the boundaries now have a two-tier approach, reflecting the importance of cross-scale interactions and the regional-level heterogeneity of the processes that underpin the boundaries. Two core boundaries—climate change and biosphere integrity—have been identified, each of which has the potential on its own to drive the Earth system into a new state should they be substantially and persistently transgressed.

/pdf/planetary-boundaries-guiding-human-development-on-a-changing-5gmf909etg.pdf

Planetary boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing planet

The power of feedback.

▪ Abstract Local habitat and biological diversity of streams and rivers are strongly influenced by landform and land use within the surrounding valley at multiple scales. However, empirical associations between land use and stream response only varyingly succeed in implicating pathways of influence. This is the case for a number of reasons, including (a) covariation of anthropogenic and natural gradients in the landscape; (b) the existence of multiple, scale-dependent mechanisms; (c) nonlinear responses; and (d) the difficulties of separating present-day from historical influences. Further research is needed that examines responses to land use under different management strategies and that employs response variables that have greater diagnostic value than many of the aggregated measures in current use. In every respect, the valley rules the stream.      H.B.N. Hynes (1975)

http://deq.idaho.gov/media/525804-Landscapes_Riverscapes_Influence_landuse_stream_ecosystems_Allan_2004.pdf

Landscapes and Riverscapes: The Influence of Land Use on Stream Ecosystems

Biocomposites reinforced with natural fibers: 2000–2010

In this study the macroscopic analysis proposed by Schapery has been applied to model the non-linear viscoelastic and viscoplastic behaviour of polyester fibres. First, a special non-contact extensometry method has been developed in order to measure the fibre response without affecting the behaviour of these extremely anisotropic fibres. An accelerated identification method has then been developed. This enables a unique and independent set of parameters to be determined, which separate the reversible and non-reversible mechanisms responsible for measured strains. The model prediction for an arbitrary loading sequence corresponds closely to the measured strains. The model has been applied here at the yarn level but can equally well be used to predict rope behaviour, either by including the identified parameters in a rope structure analysis or by identifying parameters at the rope level.

/pdf/a-non-linear-viscoelastic-viscoplastic-model-for-the-3pmnovyqad.pdf

A Non-Linear Viscoelastic Viscoplastic Model for the Behaviour of Polyester Fibres

Composite material components will be an essential part of ocean energy recovery devices, and their long term durability in sea water must be guaranteed. Despite extensive experience for boat structures and wind turbines few data exist to design structures subjected to a combination of mechanical loads and sea water immersion. This paper presents the first results from an experimental study, performed jointly with fibre manufacturers, and a resin supplier, to fill this gap. The experimental study is completed by numerical modelling to simulate the coupling between water absorption and mechanical behaviour. Sea water ageing is shown to result in a drop in quasi-static mechanical properties and a change in flexural mode from compression to tension at longer ageing times, which is consistent with results from the numerical simulations.

/pdf/sea-water-ageing-of-composites-for-ocean-energy-conversion-3875oytsw7.pdf

Sea Water Ageing of Composites for Ocean Energy Conversion Systems: Influence of Glass Fibre Type on Static Behaviour

Measurements of tensile yield stress, compressive yield stress and kinetics of tensile creep have been carried out fora series of HIPS polymers containing “salami” structure rubber particles of median diameter 1.6 µm which account for 35, 22.5, 17.5, 10.5 and 3.5% of the total volume, respectively. Deformation is due to multiple crazing in tension and shear yielding in compression; the dependence of yield stress upon rubber particle volume fraction is similar but not identical in the two cases. Eyring plots of log (creep rate) against applied stress are used to determine stress concentration factors for each member of the series, and the results are discussed in terms of the Goodierequations for an isolated spherical inclusion, and the Ishai-Cohen model for average stress concentrations.

http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF01144737.pdf

Rubber toughening of plastics: Part 10Effects of rubber particle volume fraction of the kinetics of yielding in HIPS

This paper presents the results from a study in two parts. The first part involves the identification and modeling of damage initiation and development in glass-reinforced epoxy composite cylinders subjected to drop weight impact. The second is concerned with the evaluation of the influence of this damage on the residual strength under hydrostatic pressure loading. Original results showing the influence of damage on implosion pressure are presented. The improved understanding of these phenomena and the development of predictive tools is part of an ongoing effort to improve the long-term integrity of composite structures for underwater applications.

Prediction of Damage in Composite Cylinders After Impact

Phytoplankton abundance and distribution along the east coast of Australia are driven primarily by the southward flowing East Australian Current (EAC), which transports tropical water masses to temperate latitudes. The Solitary Islands Marine Park (SIMP, � 301S) is located north of the EAC separation point (� 321S) in this tropical–temperate transition zone. In this study, we describe the oceanographic context (wind, current and nutrient load) during a wind-driven downwelling and a current-driven upwelling event, both sampled in austral winter only ten days apart. We investigate the effect of these contrasting oceanographic conditions on phytoplankton abundance, composition and distribution along a cross-shelf transect. During downwelling we find a cross-shelf transition in microphytoplankton composition from an offshore- to an inshore-community associated with nutrient gradients (nitrate and silicate). Strong vertical mixing leads to increased occurrences of benthic diatoms in near-shore surface waters. During upwelling conditions, elevated nutrient availability results in maximum microphytoplankton abundances (mainly oceanic diatoms) and increased species richness on the mid-shelf. An increase in dinoflagellates and silicoflagellates (mid-shelf) and the appearance of tropical phytoplankton (especially picoplankton and dinoflagellates, offshore) signals a strong impact of the EAC across all shelf communities. Nanoplankton are a major part of the winter phytoplankton community during both oceanographic regimes (� 40–50% of TChl a). Our findings provide evidence of EAC-driven, nutrient-rich, slope water intrusion in the SIMP as expressed by cross-shelf phytoplankton variability. We suggest that rapid (� weekly) changes in phytoplankton composition along the east Australian coast are likely to be enhanced by the climate change-induced warming/strengthening of the EAC.

/pdf/phytoplankton-composition-under-contrasting-oceanographic-1qkakza480.pdf

Peter Davies

Papers

A Non-Linear Viscoelastic Viscoplastic Model for the Behaviour of Polyester Fibres

Sea Water Ageing of Composites for Ocean Energy Conversion Systems: Influence of Glass Fibre Type on Static Behaviour

Rubber toughening of plastics: Part 10Effects of rubber particle volume fraction of the kinetics of yielding in HIPS

Prediction of Damage in Composite Cylinders After Impact

Phytoplankton composition under contrasting oceanographic conditions: Upwelling and downwelling (Eastern Australia)