抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

https://www.seas.upenn.edu/%7Edischer/pdfs/Cell_on_Gel-CELLpaper.pdf

Matrix elasticity directs stem cell lineage specification.

Microarrays can measure the expression of thousands of genes to identify changes in expression between different biological states. Methods are needed to determine the significance of these changes while accounting for the enormous number of genes. We describe a method, Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM), that assigns a score to each gene on the basis of change in gene expression relative to the standard deviation of repeated measurements. For genes with scores greater than an adjustable threshold, SAM uses permutations of the repeated measurements to estimate the percentage of genes identified by chance, the false discovery rate (FDR). When the transcriptional response of human cells to ionizing radiation was measured by microarrays, SAM identified 34 genes that changed at least 1.5-fold with an estimated FDR of 12%, compared with FDRs of 60 and 84% by using conventional methods of analysis. Of the 34 genes, 19 were involved in cell cycle regulation and 3 in apoptosis. Surprisingly, four nucleotide excision repair genes were induced, suggesting that this repair pathway for UV-damaged DNA might play a previously unrecognized role in repairing DNA damaged by ionizing radiation.

/pdf/significance-analysis-of-microarrays-applied-to-the-ionizing-10j4beasgw.pdf

Significance analysis of microarrays applied to the ionizing radiation response

Although gold is the subject of one of the most ancient themes of investigation in science, its renaissance now leads to an exponentially increasing number of publications, especially in the context of emerging nanoscience and nanotechnology with nanoparticles and self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). We will limit the present review to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), also called gold colloids. AuNPs are the most stable metal nanoparticles, and they present fascinating aspects such as their assembly of multiple types involving materials science, the behavior of the individual particles, size-related electronic, magnetic and optical properties (quantum size effect), and their applications to catalysis and biology. Their promises are in these fields as well as in the bottom-up approach of nanotechnology, and they will be key materials and building block in the 21st century. Whereas the extraction of gold started in the 5th millennium B.C. near Varna (Bulgaria) and reached 10 tons per year in Egypt around 1200-1300 B.C. when the marvelous statue of Touthankamon was constructed, it is probable that “soluble” gold appeared around the 5th or 4th century B.C. in Egypt and China. In antiquity, materials were used in an ecological sense for both aesthetic and curative purposes. Colloidal gold was used to make ruby glass 293 Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 293−346

Gold nanoparticles: assembly, supramolecular chemistry, quantum-size-related properties, and applications toward biology, catalysis, and nanotechnology.

Semiconductor nanocrystals were prepared for use as fluorescent probes in biological staining and diagnostics. Compared with conventional fluorophores, the nanocrystals have a narrow, tunable, symmetric emission spectrum and are photochemically stable. The advantages of the broad, continuous excitation spectrum were demonstrated in a dual-emission, single-excitation labeling experiment on mouse fibroblasts. These nanocrystal probes are thus complementary and in some cases may be superior to existing fluorophores.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/281/5385/2013.full.pdf

Semiconductor Nanocrystals as Fluorescent Biological Labels

An antibody-catalyzed dehydration reaction

High-throughput gene expression proﬁling has become an impor-tant tool for investigating transcriptional activity in a variety ofbiological samples. To date, the vast majority of these experimentshave focused on speciﬁc biological processes and perturbations.Here, we have generated and analyzed gene expression from a setof samples spanning a broad range of biological conditions. Spe-ciﬁcally, we proﬁled gene expression from 91 human and mousesamples across a diverse array of tissues, organs, and cell lines.Because these samples predominantly come from the normalphysiological state in the human and mouse, this dataset repre-sents a preliminary, but substantial, description of the normalmammalian transcriptome. We have used this dataset to illustratemethods of mining these data, and to reveal insights into molec-ular and physiological gene function, mechanisms of transcrip-tional regulation, disease etiology, and comparative genomics.Finally, to allow the scientiﬁc community to use this resource,we have built a free and publicly accessible website (http:expression.gnf.org) that integrates data visualization and curationof current gene annotations.

Large-scale analysis of the human and mouse

Structural Basis for the Recognition of para‐Benzoyl‐L‐phenylalanine by Evolved Aminoacyl‐tRNA Synthetases

The piperidine-based hapten 1 generates monoclonal antibodies that catalyze the hydrolysis of substrate 2 at pH5.5 (k_(cal) = 0.904 h^(−1), K_M = 324 μM). Hapten 1 is a competitive inhibitor of the antibody-catalyzed reaction. These results are significant for the development of antibodies for the sequence-specific hydrolysis of oligosaccharides.

Peter G. Schultz

Papers

An antibody-catalyzed dehydration reaction

Large-scale analysis of the human and mouse

Structural Basis for the Recognition of para‐Benzoyl‐L‐phenylalanine by Evolved Aminoacyl‐tRNA Synthetases

Progress toward an Antibody Glycosidase

Compounds and compositions as inducers of keratinocyte differentiation