Fundamentals of Molecular Evolution Dan Graur, Wen ... Bio 113/244 Fundamentals of Molecular Evolution Fundamentals of Molecular Evolution | Briefings in ... Fundamentals of Molecular Evolution by Dan Graur Fundamentals of Molecular Evolution: 9780878932665 ... Fundamentals of Molecular Evolution | Dan Graur, Wen ... (PDF) Fundamentals of molecular evolution Fundamentals Of Molecular Evolution Fundamentals of Molecular Evolution Dan Graur; Wen ... eBook [PDF] Fundamentals Of Molecular Evolution Download ... Fundamentals of molecular evolution Fundamentals Of Molecular Evolution FUNDAMENTALS OF MOLECULAR EVOLUTION Fundamentals of Molecular Evolution: Amazon.co.uk: Graur D ... Fundamentals of Molecular Evolution, 2nd Edition FUNDAMENTALS OF MOLECULAR EVOLUTION Fundamentals of molecular evolution : Li, Wen-Hsiung ... Molecular evolution Wikipedia

Fundamentals of molecular evolution

In terrestrial vertebrates, bone tissue constitutes the ‘osteoimmune’ system, which functions as a locomotor organ and a mineral reservoir as well as a primary lymphoid organ where haematopoietic stem cells are maintained. Bone and mineral metabolism is maintained by the balanced action of bone cells such as osteoclasts, osteoblasts and osteocytes, yet subverted by aberrant and/or prolonged immune responses under pathological conditions. However, osteoimmune interactions are not restricted to the unidirectional effect of the immune system on bone metabolism. In recent years, we have witnessed the discovery of effects of bone cells on immune regulation, including the function of osteoprogenitor cells in haematopoietic stem cell regulation and osteoblast-mediated suppression of haematopoietic malignancies. Moreover, the dynamic reciprocal interactions between bone and malignancies in remote organs have attracted attention, extending the horizon of osteoimmunology. Here, we discuss emerging concepts in the osteoimmune dialogue in health and disease. It is well known that immune cells can have profound effects on bone cells, but this interaction is not unidirectional. In this review, Tsukasaki and Takayanagi explore the reciprocal dialogue between bone cells and immune cells during health and disease.

Osteoimmunology: evolving concepts in bone–immune interactions in health and disease

The Genome 10K Project was established in 2009 by a consortium of biologists and genome scientists determined to facilitate the sequencing and analysis of the complete genomes of 10,000 vertebrate species. Since then the number of selected and initiated species has risen from ∼26 to 277 sequenced or ongoing with funding, an approximately tenfold increase in five years. Here we summarize the advances and commitments that have occurred by mid-2014 and outline the achievements and present challenges of reaching the 10,000-species goal. We summarize the status of known vertebrate genome projects, recommend standards for pronouncing a genome as sequenced or completed, and provide our present and future vision of the landscape of Genome 10K. The endeavor is ambitious, bold, expensive, and uncertain, but together the Genome 10K Consortium of Scientists and the worldwide genomics community are moving toward their goal of delivering to the coming generation the gift of genome empowerment for many vertebrate species.

/pdf/the-genome-10k-project-a-way-forward-438nl4caeb.pdf

The Genome 10K Project: A Way Forward

An emerging cavefish model, the cyprinid genus Sinocyclocheilus, is endemic to the massive southwestern karst area adjacent to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau of China. In order to understand whether orogeny influenced the evolution of these species, and how genomes change under isolation, especially in subterranean habitats, we performed whole-genome sequencing and comparative analyses of three species in this genus, S. grahami, S. rhinocerous and S. anshuiensis. These species are surface-dwelling, semi-cave-dwelling and cave-restricted, respectively. The assembled genome sizes of S. grahami, S. rhinocerous and S. anshuiensis are 1.75 Gb, 1.73 Gb and 1.68 Gb, respectively. Divergence time and population history analyses of these species reveal that their speciation and population dynamics are correlated with the different stages of uplifting of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. We carried out comparative analyses of these genomes and found that many genetic changes, such as gene loss (e.g. opsin genes), pseudogenes (e.g. crystallin genes), mutations (e.g. melanogenesis-related genes), deletions (e.g. scale-related genes) and down-regulation (e.g. circadian rhythm pathway genes), are possibly associated with the regressive features (such as eye degeneration, albinism, rudimentary scales and lack of circadian rhythms), and that some gene expansion (e.g. taste-related transcription factor gene) may point to the constructive features (such as enhanced taste buds) which evolved in these cave fishes. As the first report on cavefish genomes among distinct species in Sinocyclocheilus, our work provides not only insights into genetic mechanisms of cave adaptation, but also represents a fundamental resource for a better understanding of cavefish biology.

/pdf/the-sinocyclocheilus-cavefish-genome-provides-insights-into-1oss7yhiv2.pdf

The Sinocyclocheilus cavefish genome provides insights into cave adaptation

Additional file 5: Figure S15â S17. of The Sinocyclocheilus cavefish genome provides insights into cave adaptation

Mudskippers are amphibious fishes that have adapted to live on mudflats. Here, the authors sequence the genomes of four different mudskipper species and highlight genetic changes that may have had an evolutionary role in the water-to-land transition of vertebrates.

/pdf/mudskipper-genomes-provide-insights-into-the-terrestrial-1rfilrr85j.pdf

Qijie Zan

Papers

Mudskipper genomes provide insights into the terrestrial adaptation of amphibious fishes