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Modern Applied Statistics With S

Nature is under siege. In the last 10,000 y the human population has grown from 1 million to 7.8 billion. Much of Earth’s arable lands are already in agriculture (1), millions of acres of tropical forest are cleared each year (2, 3), atmospheric CO2 levels are at their highest concentrations in more than 3 million y (4), and climates are erratically and steadily changing from pole to pole, triggering unprecedented droughts, fires, and floods across continents. Indeed, most biologists agree that the world has entered its sixth mass extinction event, the first since the end of the Cretaceous Period 66 million y ago, when more than 80% of all species, including the nonavian dinosaurs, perished.

Ongoing losses have been clearly demonstrated for better-studied groups of organisms. Terrestrial vertebrate population sizes and ranges have contracted by one-third, and many mammals have experienced range declines of at least 80% over the last century (5). A 2019 assessment suggests that half of all amphibians are imperiled (2.5% of which have recently gone extinct) (6). Bird numbers across North America have fallen by 2.9 billion since 1970 (7). Prospects for the world’s coral reefs, beyond the middle of this century, could scarcely be more dire (8). A 2020 United Nations report estimated that more than a million species are in danger of extinction over the next few decades (9), but also see the more bridled assessments in refs. 10 and 11.

Although a flurry of reports has drawn attention to declines in insect abundance, biomass, species richness, and range sizes (e.g., refs. 12⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓–18; for reviews see refs. 19 and 20), whether the rates of declines for insects are on par with or exceed those for other groups remains unknown. There are still too … 

[↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: david.wagner{at}uconn.edu.

 [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/118/2/e2023989118.full.pdf

Insect decline in the Anthropocene: Death by a thousand cuts

The field of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) has been incorrectly believed to be purely crystalline. However, non-crystalline MOFs (amorphous MOFs, MOF liquids, and MOF glasses) are starting to emerge as alternative materials, beyond the dictatorial domain of crystalline MOFs. Non-crystalline MOFs present many opportunities, either as novel functional materials themselves, or as vehicles to create other materials. In this extensive Review, we describe the two approaches to preparing amorphous MOFs: (1) the amorphization of crystalline MOFs and (2) the direct synthesis. Special attention is paid to the relationship between preparation method, properties and applications of amorphous MOFs. We also explore the field of MOF liquids and their applications, centering our attention to the phenomenon of melting. Finally, MOF glasses are explained. We highlight the properties and applications of the MOF glasses that are not usually found in crystalline MOFs. New related glass materials such as MOF-blends, flux melted MOFs, MOF crystal-glass composites, MOF and inorganic glass composites, and MOF glass membranes are also reviewed. We conclude the fields of amorphous MOFs, MOF liquids, and MOF glasses by presenting our thoughts on the possible future research directions.

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) beyond crystallinity: amorphous MOFs, MOF liquids and MOF glasses

Significant progress has been made in circular RNA (circRNA) research in recent years. Increasing evidence suggests that circRNAs play important roles in many cellular processes, and their dysregulation is implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases. CircRNAs are highly stable and usually expressed in a tissue- or cell type-specific manner. Therefore, they are currently being explored as potential therapeutic targets. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function approaches are typically performed using circRNA expression plasmids and RNA interference-based strategies, respectively. These strategies have limitations that can be mitigated using nanoparticle and exosome delivery systems. Furthermore, recent developments show that the cre-lox system can be used to knockdown circRNAs in a cell-specific manner. While still in the early stages of development, the CRISPR/Cas13 system has shown promise in knocking down circRNAs with high specificity and efficiency. In this review, we describe circRNA properties and functions and highlight their significance in disease. We summarize strategies that can be used to overexpress or knockdown circRNAs as a therapeutic approach. Lastly, we discuss major challenges and propose future directions for the development of circRNA-based therapeutics.

/pdf/targeting-circular-rnas-as-a-therapeutic-approach-current-55skorz4gs.pdf

Targeting circular RNAs as a therapeutic approach: current strategies and challenges

https://febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/1873-3468.13948

The promise and the challenges of cryo-electron tomography.

Local biodiversity trends over time are likely to be decoupled from global trends, as local processes may compensate or counteract global change. We analyze 161 long-term biological time series (15–91 years) collected across Europe, using a comprehensive dataset comprising ~6,200 marine, freshwater and terrestrial taxa. We test whether (i) local long-term biodiversity trends are consistent among biogeoregions, realms and taxonomic groups, and (ii) changes in biodiversity correlate with regional climate and local conditions. Our results reveal that local trends of abundance, richness and diversity differ among biogeoregions, realms and taxonomic groups, demonstrating that biodiversity changes at local scale are often complex and cannot be easily generalized. However, we find increases in richness and abundance with increasing temperature and naturalness as well as a clear spatial pattern in changes in community composition (i.e. temporal taxonomic turnover) in most biogeoregions of Northern and Eastern Europe.

/pdf/meta-analysis-of-multidecadal-biodiversity-trends-in-europe-5g3ljvy0id.pdf

Radoslav Stanchev

Papers

Meta-analysis of multidecadal biodiversity trends in Europe