Fundamentals of Plasmonics.- Electromagnetics of Metals.- Surface Plasmon Polaritons at Metal / Insulator Interfaces.- Excitation of Surface Plasmon Polaritons at Planar Interfaces.- Imaging Surface Plasmon Polariton Propagation.- Localized Surface Plasmons.- Electromagnetic Surface Modes at Low Frequencies.- Applications.- Plasmon Waveguides.- Transmission of Radiation Through Apertures and Films.- Enhancement of Emissive Processes and Nonlinearities.- Spectroscopy and Sensing.- Metamaterials and Imaging with Surface Plasmon Polaritons.- Concluding Remarks.

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Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications

From molecules to crystal engineering: supramolecular isomerism and polymorphism in network solids.

This critical review will be of interest to the experts in porous solids (including catalysis), but also solid state chemists and physicists. It presents the state-of-the-art on hybrid porous solids, their advantages, their new routes of synthesis, the structural concepts useful for their ‘design’, aiming at reaching very large pores. Their dynamic properties and the possibility of predicting their structure are described. The large tunability of the pore size leads to unprecedented properties and applications. They concern adsorption of species, storage and delivery and the physical properties of the dense phases. (323 references)

Hybrid porous solids: past, present, future

Since the first application of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) phenomenon for sensing almost two decades ago, this method has made great strides both in terms of instrumentation development and applications. SPR sensor technology has been commercialized and SPR biosensors have become a central tool for characterizing and quantifying biomolecular interactions. This paper attempts to review the major developments in SPR technology. Main application areas are outlined and examples of applications of SPR sensor technology are presented. Future prospects of SPR sensor technology are discussed.

Surface plasmon resonance sensors: review

Optical tweezers use the forces exerted by a strongly focused beam of light to trap and move objects ranging in size from tens of nanometres to tens of micrometres. Since their introduction in 1986, the optical tweezer has become an important tool for research in the fields of biology, physical chemistry and soft condensed matter physics. Recent advances promise to take optical tweezers out of the laboratory and into the mainstream of manufacturing and diagnostics; they may even become consumer products. The next generation of single-beam optical traps offers revolutionary new opportunities for fundamental and applied research.

http://physics.nyu.edu/grierlab/nreview2c/nreview2c.pdf

A revolution in optical manipulation

Tailoring feature of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in property by structure deformation has been an interdisciplinary subject of interest for researchers with an expectation that the control of the electronic property will open an access to new world where nano-circuit and nano-actuator exist and it is quit easy. Recently, drastic change of the properties of crossed SWNTs, for example by bridging them over other SWNTs [1], have received widespread attention because a transition from semiconducting state to metallic state was proved to appear only on the junction of crossed semiconducting SWNTs due to π* − σ* hybridization effect, which was theoretically expected since long before [2]. Here, we present a tip-enhanced Raman investigation of extremely localized transition from semiconducting to metal on the junction of crossed SWNTs.

Evaluation of localized semiconductor to metal transition of semiconducting carbon nanotube by Tip-enhanced Raman investigation

Two-photon lithography allows us to fabricate arbitrary three-dimensional structures with micro/nano-spatial resolution. The intrinsic three-dimensional spatial resolution of two-photon lithography is a promising tool for developing a variety of novel photonic and mechanical nano-devices. In addition, two-photon lithography makes it possible to study the properties of polymers of micro/nano-meter dimension [1-4]. In this presentation, we show the evidence that the elasticity and the transition temperature of polymers start to show size-dependent characteristics when the size of the polymer decreases down to a few hundreds of nanometers. We fabricated free-standing polymer nano-wires in the shape of coil spring by two-photon lithography, and measured the elasticity of the nano-wires by applying a mechanical tension onto the springs through laser trapping technique under temperature control. From the stretching length of the spring generated by a certain optical force, the spring constant of the spring and the shear modulus of polymer were calculated from simple Hook’s law. The material we used is a compound of methyl-methacrylate, dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate, benzil, and 2-benzyl-2-(dimethylamino)-4’-morpholino-butyrophenone. We scanned a light spot of a Ti:Sapphire laser at 780 nm with a pulse width of 80 fs focused by a 1.4 NA microscope objective to shape the polymer nano-wires suspended by a thick pillar. We observed that the elasticity of the polymer, which is usually an invariable coefficient, changes according to the thickness of the polymer wire. Furthermore, we changed the temperature of the entire polymer structures from -20 to 40 °C with measuring the elasticity of the springs. We observed phase transition of polymer wires with a rapid change of the share modulus, which also shows a size-dependent behavior. Recently, the similar experimental results, i.e. the drop of the glass transition temperature, were also reported in thin polymer nano-films. Our result is a clear evidence of such a nano size-effect of mechanical properties in polymers confirmed from free-standing polymer nanostructures. [1]S. Nakanishi, H. Yoshikawa, S. Shoji, Z. Sekkat, and S. Kawata, J. Phys. Chem. B 112, 3586-3589 (2008). [2] S. Nakanishi, S. Shoji, S. Kawata, and H.-B. Sun, Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 063112 (2007). [3]H. Ishitobi, S. Shoji, T. Hiramatsu, H.-B. Sun, Z. Sekkat, and S. Kawata, Opt. Express 16, 14106-14114 (2008). [4]S. Kawata, H.-B. Sun, T. Tanaka, and K. Takada, Nature, 412, 697 (2001).

Size-dependent mechanical properties of polymer-nanowires fabricated by two-photon lithography

Tip enhanced Raman spectroscopy using a field-enhancing metallic probe has detected single single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules containing sub-100 bases. The detected Raman spectra exhibited the Raman bands characteristic to guanine and adenine, which allows for identification of the DNA bases. Tip enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) using a sharp metallic probe is capable of chemical imaging and analysis of nanomaterials with a nanometric spatial resolution. The metallic probe induces local surface plasmons at its tip end [1,2], and strongly enhances Raman scattering in the nanometric volume near the tip [3]. Recently, TERS has been successfully applied to observation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules [4,5,6]. Since the four types of DNA bases, i.e. adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), and cytosine (C), possess different Raman scattering spectra [ 7 ], it is possible to discriminate and identify the base molecules by Raman spectroscopy. Hence, TERS has a potentiality to realize rapid determination of DNA base sequence without chemical treatment of DNA including fragmentation, replication, and dye-labeling (staining). The local field enhancement by the metallic tip is not only advantageous for the nanometric spatial resolution but is indispensable for amplification of extremely weak signals of Raman scattering of DNA molecules. It would be possible to detect single base molecules by TERS, as surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) using metallic nanoparticles to enhance Raman scattering, which is essentially analogous to TERS, has been shown to detect single base molecules several years ago [8,9]. In this study, we show the capability of TERS for detection of a minute amount of DNA bases. For this purpose, we employed synthetic DNA homo-oligomers (oligonucleotides). The use of the synthetic oligomers allows for quantitative analysis of the number of the detected bases and subsequently the factor of the enhancement of Raman intensity. Two types of single-stranded DNA homo-oligomers were utilized, one containing 100 adenine bases (poly-dA 100mer, d(A)100) and the other containing 30 guanine bases (poly-dG 30mer, d(G)30). Both the oligomers were dissolved in water. The solutions were cast on cover glasses, and were air-dried after 3 minutes fixation time. The concentrations of the DNA solutions were properly adjusted such that the oligomer molecules were isolated from each other on the substrates. The size of the oligomers on the substrate is typically about 10 nm in width and 1 nm in height. Our TERS system is based on an inverted microscope combined with an atomic force microscope (AFM) [3,4]. We employed an AFM probe coated with a 30nm-thick silver film, and frequency-doubled Nd:YVO4 laser (λ: 532 nm) for excitation. The incident light was tightly focused onto the sample surface through an Fig. 1 Tip enhanced Raman spectroscopy of DNA homo-oligomers. (a) A schematic illustration of tip enhancement of Raman scattering of DNA homo-oligomers. (b) Tip enhanced Raman spectra of the poly-dA 100mer (d(A)100) and poly-dG 30mer (d(A)100). They are compared to a Raman spectrum observed when no molecule lie near the tip (grey line) and that of d(A)100 without the tip nearby (dotted line). All spectra were measured with the following condition: excitation wavelength, 532 nm; power at the sample, 130 μW; exposure time, 10 min. JWH4-7

Detection and identification of DNA bases by tip enhanced Raman spectroscopy

The light is the ultimate energy source for the life on the earth and also it is with the help of light that we see and 
understand the world surrounding us. The energy quanta are called photons. In addition to illuminating, imaging, 
and spectroscopy, a typical example of the recent uses of photons in our daily life is optical communication. A 
more and more important new role that photons are playing is manufacturing, particularly in three-dimensional 
micro-nanofabrication on the basis of nonlinear photon-matter interactions. This article reports our recent 
progress in this research direction: the challenge to the spatial resolution of fabrication, and the utilization of the 
technology on nanophotonic and micro-nanomechanical devices.

Three-dimension micro-nanofabrication with a femtosecond laser

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the systems and the materials suitable for three-dimensional (3D) digital memory with a number of experimental results with the use of photopolymers for read-only memory, lithium niobate crystals as erasable memory, and photochromic organic materials as rewritable photorefractive memory. The comparison between photorefractive 3D memory with a conventional holographic 3D memory and near-field memory is also discussed in terms of dynamic range, noise, recording density, and accessibility. Compared with magnetic data storage, optical memory is advantageous because of its removability, replicability, durability, lightness, and inexpensive price. To exceed the capacity limitation of the surface-recording method of current optical data storage, 3D is introduced with photorefractive materials. Photorefractive materials are suitable for 3D data storage in conjunction with a nonlinear optical system such as the two-photon absorption process of the material for recording and the confocal laser-scanning system for reading.

Satoshi Kawata

Papers

Evaluation of localized semiconductor to metal transition of semiconducting carbon nanotube by Tip-enhanced Raman investigation

Size-dependent mechanical properties of polymer-nanowires fabricated by two-photon lithography

Detection and identification of DNA bases by tip enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Three-dimension micro-nanofabrication with a femtosecond laser

Three-Dimensionally Photorefractive Bit-Oriented Digital Memory