Over the 100 years since its discovery, liquid crystals have been the intriguing subject for both academia and industries. The textbook of de Gennes The Physics of Liquid Crystals published in 1974 is still the bible for many LC researchers, but new subjects unmentioned in the book have also risen for these years. This chapter describes the story of the recent developments and the future perspectives in physics of liquid crystals, especially focusing on the contributions by Japanese research groups for the last decade.

Physics of Liquid Crystals

The current status of the use of nanoparticles for photothermal treatments is reviewed in detail. The different families of heating nanoparticles are described paying special attention to the physical mechanisms at the root of the light-to-heat conversion processes. The heating efficiencies and spectral working ranges are listed and compared. The most important results obtained in both in vivo and in vitro nanoparticle assisted photothermal treatments are summarized. The advantages and disadvantages of the different heating nanoparticles are discussed.

Nanoparticles for photothermal therapies.

Design and fabrication of electrochemical energy storage systems with both high energy and power densities as well as long cycling life is of great importance. As one of these systems, Battery-supercapacitor hybrid device (BSH) is typically constructed with a high-capacity battery-type electrode and a high-rate capacitive electrode, which has attracted enormous attention due to its potential applications in future electric vehicles, smart electric grids, and even miniaturized electronic/optoelectronic devices, etc. With proper design, BSH will provide unique advantages such as high performance, cheapness, safety, and environmental friendliness. This review first addresses the fundamental scientific principle, structure, and possible classification of BSHs, and then reviews the recent advances on various existing and emerging BSHs such as Li-/Na-ion BSHs, acidic/alkaline BSHs, BSH with redox electrolytes, and BSH with pseudocapacitive electrode, with the focus on materials and electrochemical performances. Furthermore, recent progresses in BSH devices with specific functionalities of flexibility and transparency, etc. will be highlighted. Finally, the future developing trends and directions as well as the challenges will also be discussed; especially, two conceptual BSHs with aqueous high voltage window and integrated 3D electrode/electrolyte architecture will be proposed.

https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/advs.201600539

Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid Devices: Recent Progress and Future Prospects.

Taking advantage of exceptional attributes, such as being easy-to-operate, economical, sensitive, portable, and simple-to-construct, in recent decades, considerable attention has been devoted to the integration of recognition elements with electronic elements to develop electrochemical sensors and biosensors.Various electrochemical devices, such as amperometric sensors, electrochemical impedance sensors, and electrochemical luminescence sensors as well as photoelectrochemical sensors, provide wide applications in the detection of chemical and biological targets in terms of electrochemical change of electrode interfaces.

With remarkable achievements in nanotechnology and nanoscience, nanomaterial-based electrochemical signal amplifications have great potential of improving both sensitivity and selectivity for electrochemical sensors and biosensors. First of all, it is well-known that the electrode materials play a critical role in the construction of high-performance electrochemical sensing platforms for detecting target molecules through various analytical principles. Furthermore, in addition to electrode materials, functional nanomaterials can not only produce a synergic effect among catalytic activity, conductivity, and biocompatibility to accelerate the signal transduction but also amplify biorecognition events with specifically designed signal tags, leading to highly sensitive biosensing. Significantly, extensive research on the construction of functional electrode materials, coupled with numerous electrochemical methods, is advancing the wide application of electrochemical devices. For example, Walcarius et al. highlighted the recent advances of nano-objects and nanoengineered and/or nanostructured materials for the rational design of biofunctionalized electrodes and related (bio)sensing systems.1 The attractiveness of such nanomaterials relies on their ability to act as effective immobilization matrices and their intrinsic and unique features as described above. These features combined with the functioning of biomolecules contribute to the improvement of bioelectrode performance in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Our group recently presented a general overview of nanomaterial-enhanced paper-based biosensors including lateral-flow test-strip and paper microfluidic devices.2 With different kinds of nanoparticles (NPs), paper-based biosensor devices have shown a great potential in the enhancement of sensitivity and specificity of disease diagnosis in developing countries.

This Review focuses on recent advances in electrochemical sensors and biosensors based on nanomaterials and nanostructures during 2013 to 2014. The aim of this effort is to provide the reader with a clear and concise view of new advances in areas ranging from electrode engineering, strategies for electrochemical signal amplification, and novel electroanalytical techniques used in the miniaturization and integration of the sensors. Moreover, the authors have attempted to highlight areas of the latest and significant development of enhanced electrochemical nanosensors and nanobiosensors that inspire broader interests across various disciplines. Electrochemical sensors for small molecules, enzyme-based biosensors, genosensors, immunosensors, and cytosensors are reviewed herein (Figure ​(Figure1).1). Such novel advances are important for the development of electrochemical sensors that open up new avenues and methods for future research. We recommend readers interested in the general principles of electrochemical sensors and electrochemical methods to refer to other excellent literature for a broad scope in this area.3,4 However, due to the explosion of publications in this active field, we do not claim that this Review includes all of the published works in the past two years and we apologize to the authors of excellent work, which is unintentionally left out.



Figure 1

Schematic illustration of electrochemical sensors and biosensors based on nanomaterials and nanostructures, in which electrochemical sensors for small molecular, enzyme-based biosensors, genosensors, immunosensors, and cytosensors are demonstrated.

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ac5039863

Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors Based on Nanomaterials and Nanostructures

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Introduction To Electrodynamics

Electroluminescent (EL) and I-V characteristics of Eu (TTA)3 (phen) layers with various thickness were investigated. The red EL spectrum emitted from the Eu (TTA)3 (phen) layer is almost the same as the PL spectrum. Based on the I-V characteristics, it was found that the turn-on voltage is 9V and current density was 0.01 A/cm at a dc operation voltage of 9V. The observed electrical transport phenomena were explained within a trapped-charge-limited current model describing I-V characteristics.

The Electrical Properties of Europium Complex Thin Film EL Devices Prepared by Vacuum Evaporation Method

A new transflective liquid crystal displays associated with fringe field switching (FFS) mode is proposed. The device utilizes unique characteristic of the FFS mode in which the rotation angle of LC director is dependent on electrode position in on state. with optimization of pixel electrode width and distance between them, the LC director could rotate about 22.5° and 45° depending on electrode positions. Consequently, the region with low and high rotation angle could be played as reflective and transmissive regions, respectively, realizing a high image quality transflective display with single gap and single gamma characteristics.

P‐193: Single Gap and Single Gamma Transflective Display Using Fringe‐Field Switching Mode

Single-gap transflective liquid crystal display (LCD) driven by fringe electric field is proposed. The initial LC orientation is parallel to top polarizer in transmissive (T) region and is 45° with respect to top polarizer in reflective (R) region. The surface pre-tilt angle of the R-region is controlled by vertical field and polymerization of an UV curable reactive mesogen and thus, the effective cell retardation in the R- region becomes smaller than that in T- region. Consequently, a single gap transflective LCD driven by fringe electric field without compensation film or in-cell retarder is realized.

P-139: Transflective Fringe-Field Switching Liquid Crystal Display without Any Retarder

The anisotropic properties of nematic liquid crystals result in polarization dependency which leads to requirement of at least a polarizer in liquid crystal photonic devices. To develop polarizer free phase modulation, Kerr effect is one of the path. The phase modulation in polymer dispersed liquid crystals (PDLCs) is shown to have two parts: Kerr phase, which is the optical phase modulation linearly proportional to a square of electric field, and orientational phase. However, many puzzles are still under investigation: the origins of Kerr phase, the relation between Kerr phase and orientational phase, and how two-steps of electro-optical (EO) response relates to Kerr phase and orientational phase. We investigated the origins of Kerr phase and orientational phase in PDLC and their connection to two-step EO response. In our study, the Kerr phase is a result of LC orientation in the center of LC droplets. The orientational phase attribute to orientation of LC molecules near LC-polymer interfaces. The two phase in PDLC samples are adjustable depending on droplet size. We also found that two-steps EO response existing in small droplet (<33 nm) is related to Kerr phase and orientational phase. A modified PDLC model related to the Kerr phase and orientational phase is also proposed. Besides the conventional features of PDLC, such as polarization independent optical phase shift and response time independent of cell gap, we believe the Kerr phase and orientational phase with different response times (~ msec) in PDLC pave a way for designing versatile photonic devices with pure optical phase modulation.

Seung Hee Lee

Papers

The Electrical Properties of Europium Complex Thin Film EL Devices Prepared by Vacuum Evaporation Method

P‐193: Single Gap and Single Gamma Transflective Display Using Fringe‐Field Switching Mode

P-139: Transflective Fringe-Field Switching Liquid Crystal Display without Any Retarder

Origins of Kerr phase and orientational phase in polymer-dispersed liquid crystal

Electro-optic Characteristics of the Fringe-field Driven-reflective Liquid Crystal Display with One Polarizer