Over the 100 years since its discovery, liquid crystals have been the intriguing subject for both academia and industries. The textbook of de Gennes The Physics of Liquid Crystals published in 1974 is still the bible for many LC researchers, but new subjects unmentioned in the book have also risen for these years. This chapter describes the story of the recent developments and the future perspectives in physics of liquid crystals, especially focusing on the contributions by Japanese research groups for the last decade.

Physics of Liquid Crystals

The current status of the use of nanoparticles for photothermal treatments is reviewed in detail. The different families of heating nanoparticles are described paying special attention to the physical mechanisms at the root of the light-to-heat conversion processes. The heating efficiencies and spectral working ranges are listed and compared. The most important results obtained in both in vivo and in vitro nanoparticle assisted photothermal treatments are summarized. The advantages and disadvantages of the different heating nanoparticles are discussed.

Nanoparticles for photothermal therapies.

Design and fabrication of electrochemical energy storage systems with both high energy and power densities as well as long cycling life is of great importance. As one of these systems, Battery-supercapacitor hybrid device (BSH) is typically constructed with a high-capacity battery-type electrode and a high-rate capacitive electrode, which has attracted enormous attention due to its potential applications in future electric vehicles, smart electric grids, and even miniaturized electronic/optoelectronic devices, etc. With proper design, BSH will provide unique advantages such as high performance, cheapness, safety, and environmental friendliness. This review first addresses the fundamental scientific principle, structure, and possible classification of BSHs, and then reviews the recent advances on various existing and emerging BSHs such as Li-/Na-ion BSHs, acidic/alkaline BSHs, BSH with redox electrolytes, and BSH with pseudocapacitive electrode, with the focus on materials and electrochemical performances. Furthermore, recent progresses in BSH devices with specific functionalities of flexibility and transparency, etc. will be highlighted. Finally, the future developing trends and directions as well as the challenges will also be discussed; especially, two conceptual BSHs with aqueous high voltage window and integrated 3D electrode/electrolyte architecture will be proposed.

https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/advs.201600539

Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid Devices: Recent Progress and Future Prospects.

Taking advantage of exceptional attributes, such as being easy-to-operate, economical, sensitive, portable, and simple-to-construct, in recent decades, considerable attention has been devoted to the integration of recognition elements with electronic elements to develop electrochemical sensors and biosensors.Various electrochemical devices, such as amperometric sensors, electrochemical impedance sensors, and electrochemical luminescence sensors as well as photoelectrochemical sensors, provide wide applications in the detection of chemical and biological targets in terms of electrochemical change of electrode interfaces.

With remarkable achievements in nanotechnology and nanoscience, nanomaterial-based electrochemical signal amplifications have great potential of improving both sensitivity and selectivity for electrochemical sensors and biosensors. First of all, it is well-known that the electrode materials play a critical role in the construction of high-performance electrochemical sensing platforms for detecting target molecules through various analytical principles. Furthermore, in addition to electrode materials, functional nanomaterials can not only produce a synergic effect among catalytic activity, conductivity, and biocompatibility to accelerate the signal transduction but also amplify biorecognition events with specifically designed signal tags, leading to highly sensitive biosensing. Significantly, extensive research on the construction of functional electrode materials, coupled with numerous electrochemical methods, is advancing the wide application of electrochemical devices. For example, Walcarius et al. highlighted the recent advances of nano-objects and nanoengineered and/or nanostructured materials for the rational design of biofunctionalized electrodes and related (bio)sensing systems.1 The attractiveness of such nanomaterials relies on their ability to act as effective immobilization matrices and their intrinsic and unique features as described above. These features combined with the functioning of biomolecules contribute to the improvement of bioelectrode performance in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Our group recently presented a general overview of nanomaterial-enhanced paper-based biosensors including lateral-flow test-strip and paper microfluidic devices.2 With different kinds of nanoparticles (NPs), paper-based biosensor devices have shown a great potential in the enhancement of sensitivity and specificity of disease diagnosis in developing countries.

This Review focuses on recent advances in electrochemical sensors and biosensors based on nanomaterials and nanostructures during 2013 to 2014. The aim of this effort is to provide the reader with a clear and concise view of new advances in areas ranging from electrode engineering, strategies for electrochemical signal amplification, and novel electroanalytical techniques used in the miniaturization and integration of the sensors. Moreover, the authors have attempted to highlight areas of the latest and significant development of enhanced electrochemical nanosensors and nanobiosensors that inspire broader interests across various disciplines. Electrochemical sensors for small molecules, enzyme-based biosensors, genosensors, immunosensors, and cytosensors are reviewed herein (Figure ​(Figure1).1). Such novel advances are important for the development of electrochemical sensors that open up new avenues and methods for future research. We recommend readers interested in the general principles of electrochemical sensors and electrochemical methods to refer to other excellent literature for a broad scope in this area.3,4 However, due to the explosion of publications in this active field, we do not claim that this Review includes all of the published works in the past two years and we apologize to the authors of excellent work, which is unintentionally left out.



Figure 1

Schematic illustration of electrochemical sensors and biosensors based on nanomaterials and nanostructures, in which electrochemical sensors for small molecular, enzyme-based biosensors, genosensors, immunosensors, and cytosensors are demonstrated.

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ac5039863

Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors Based on Nanomaterials and Nanostructures

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Introduction To Electrodynamics

P-149: Maximization of Transmittance and Minimization of Image-Flickering due to Flexoelectric Effect in Low-Frequency Driving Fringe-Field Switching (FFS) Mode Using LCs with Negative Dielectric Anisotropy

We demonstrated a novel viewing angle controllable display device in in-plane switching (IPS) mode with single panel. In the device, single pixel is separated into two regions, named as main pixel for displaying images and sub pixel for viewing angle control. Initially, the liquid crystal (LC) in sub pixel is homogenously aligned on substrate. For wide viewing angle mode, the LC switches in plane in the main pixel and for narrow viewing angle mode the LC switches the level of tilt angle without rotating by applying fringe electric fieldge. The proposed device is facilitated with simple manufacturing process and good viewing angle control with single panel.

Viewing Angle Switching in In-Plane Switching Liquid Crystal Display

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To increase a response speed and to improve a light transmittance and an opening ratio by providing many branches on a second counter electrode and a pixel electrode and alternately arranging the branches of the pixel electrode and the branches of the second counter electrode. SOLUTION: The second counter electrode 6 is provided with a first part 6a orthogonally intersecting with a data line and a second part consisting of many branches 61-65, 69 from the part 6a, and a fringe branch 69 is longer than other branches, and contains a third part 6b. The pixel electrode 7 is constituted of the first part 7a arranged from between the third part 6b and the end parts of the branches in the first direction, and a second part prolonging from the first part 7a toward the first part 6a, between respective branches in the second direction so as to be superimposed on a part of a first counter electrode 2B-1, and constituted of many branches 71-75 separated from the branches at a fixed interval.

Liquid crystal display element and its manufacture

In this work we investigate dynamic behavior of the LC director including the defect nucleation and the LC director field on the shape of the electrode using the Q-tensor method in the Super IPS cell. In general, the Q-tensor method can model the defect dynamics in a liquid crystal director field in addition to electrical behavior of the LC director.

http://display.donga.ac.kr/images/Proceedings/proceedings_3/2006_Static_configuration_of_the_super_in_plane_switching_liquid_crystal_director_on_the_electrode.pdf

Static Configuration of the Super In-Plane Switching Liquid Crystal Director on the Electrode

The purposes of this study were to investigate factors affecting addictive shopping behavior and to compare the factors affecting between on-line and off-line addictive shopping. Four hundred eighty-nine female college students who have purchased fashion goods on-line shopping or off-line shopping were surveyed. For data analysis, descriptive statistics, Pearson`s correlations, t-test, and multiple regression analysis were used. As the results, 15.5% of respondents were revealed as addictive buyers. Approximately 18% and 13% of subjects were revealed as on-line addictive buyers and off-line addictive buyers. There were statistically significant differences between addictive buyers and non-addictive buyers regarding self-mastery, depression, stress, and impulse. Addictive consumption scores were correlated to lower self-mastery, higher depression, and higher stress. Factors such as self-mastery, stress, impulse showed differences between on-line and off-line addictive buyers. Also, there were statistically significant differences between on-line and off-line addictive buyers. Based on these results, fashion social responsibility marketing strategies and implications regarding on-line and off-line shopping addiction would be suggested.

/pdf/factors-affecting-addictive-shopping-behavior-on-fashion-12fsad4k6g.pdf

Seung Hee Lee

Papers

P-149: Maximization of Transmittance and Minimization of Image-Flickering due to Flexoelectric Effect in Low-Frequency Driving Fringe-Field Switching (FFS) Mode Using LCs with Negative Dielectric Anisotropy

Viewing Angle Switching in In-Plane Switching Liquid Crystal Display

Liquid crystal display element and its manufacture

Static Configuration of the Super In-Plane Switching Liquid Crystal Director on the Electrode

Factors Affecting Addictive Shopping Behavior on Fashion Product Comparison of Off-line & On-line Shopping