抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC.

I have developed "tennis elbow" from lugging this book around the past four weeks, but it is worth the pain, the effort, and the aspirin. It is also worth the (relatively speaking) bargain price. Including appendixes, this book contains 894 pages of text. The entire panorama of the neural sciences is surveyed and examined, and it is comprehensive in its scope, from genomes to social behaviors. The editors explicitly state that the book is designed as "an introductory text for students of biology, behavior, and medicine," but it is hard to imagine any audience, interested in any fragment of neuroscience at any level of sophistication, that would not enjoy this book. The editors have done a masterful job of weaving together the biologic, the behavioral, and the clinical sciences into a single tapestry in which everyone from the molecular biologist to the practicing psychiatrist can find and appreciate his or

Principles of Neural Science

ACC/AHA
: American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association
ACCF/AHA
: American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association
ACE
: angiotensin-converting enzyme
ACEI
: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
ACS
: acute coronary syndrome
AF
: atrial fibrillation

/pdf/2016-esc-guidelines-for-the-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-acute-z18hg30pp1.pdf

2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure

/pdf/2016-esc-guidelines-for-the-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-acute-53v7yllhiz.pdf

/pdf/s-13-1-safety-and-efficacy-of-rituximab-in-ssc-an-analysis-g0u576ga7j.pdf

S.13.1 Safety and efficacy of rituximab in SSc: an analysis from the European Scleroderma Trial and Research Group

We are proud to announce that the law regulating the implementation of gender-specific medicine in Italy has been definitively approved at the beginning of 2018. A summary of the law and the implementation of the important healthcare plan, derived from the law released and signed by the Ministry of Health in June 2019, is briefly described below, edited by Alessandra Carè, Director of the Center for Gender-Specific Medicine at the Italian National Institute of Health, and Elena Ortona, Director of the Gender-Specific Physiopathology Unit at the same Center, where the national Observatory, which should report annually to the Parliament the state-of-art of the application of the law, will soon be established. This Plan has been integrally published in the supplement to The Italian Journal of Gender-Specific Medicine. In the era of personalized and precision medicine the dimension of gender medicine, which must be applied to all medical specialties, clearly represents the first essential step. Men and women, as this Journal continuously demonstrates, need a sex/gender specific diagnostic approach as well as a sex/gender specific therapy and different paths of prevention and cures. However, in order to realize this objective, the first step will be the training of health personnel, physicians in primis. Thus, Universities, medical and health professionals’ associations, all training agencies in the field of the healthcare (biomedical and paramedical) should include training courses taking into account the relevance of gender differences. In the era of evidence-based medicine, all medical specialties are involved in developing this approach. As a general rule, and as the title of our Journal says, we prefer to talk of gender-specific medicine instead of gender medicine since all the diseases affecting women and men in all the fields of medicine have to be studied and taught on the basis of gender differences. This attention to the differences in diagnostics, therapy and, more in general, in the clinical pathways to be followed, has to be considered as an educational background that should be spread in all university courses and fields of investigation: from cardiology to oncology, from neurology to infectious diseases, from immunology to metabolic diseases and so on. Moreover, gender-specific medicine, as described in the healthcare plan of the Italian low, should not be considered as an exclusive medical interest but, more in general, should be developed as a holistic approach that needs the contribution of pharmacologists, biologists, toxicologists, psychologists, and nurses as well as healthcare managers. The involvement of humanistic and sociological approaches as well as social players will be welcome. Therefore, all the stakeholders could contribute to improve knowledge about sex/gender differences in terms of symptoms, diagnostics and therapies. Private companies, such as pharmaceuticals, could play a pivotal role. They could certainly provide more detailed information as concern appropriate dosages and adverse effects of drugs or contribute to the improvement of gender-tailored prevention and specific screening paths for men and women. Biomedical scientific research (both basic and translational) should provide further and new evidence-based data and suggest new solutions and innovations. This will be an essential element for the development of gender-specific medicine. Italy’s regional authorities, which coordinate The Italian law on gender medicine: a reality and a hope

/pdf/the-italian-law-on-gender-medicine-a-reality-and-a-hope-3e8zw7siki.pdf

The Italian law on gender medicine: a reality and a hope

Elena Ortona1, Walter Malorni2* and Marina Pierdominici1 1Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy 2Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicine Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy *Corresponding author: Walter Malorni, Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicine Evaluation, Section of Cell Aging and Degeneration, Istituto Superiore di Sanita', Rome, Italy, Tel: 00390649902905; Fax: 00390649903691; E-mail: malorni@iss.it

Autophagic Behavior of T Lymphocytes in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

https://febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/2211-5463.12531

Potential role of platelets for atherosclerotic events in rheumatoid arthritis.

Morphological and ultrastructural modifications related to the cell injury and leading to cell death have been investigated by using different compounds. Data obtained by treating various cultured cells with a quinone (menadione), a polar solvent (NMF) and a bacterial protein toxin (toxin B fromClostridium difficile) are here reported Differences seem to exist between such injuries, but changes in plasma membrane structure, called surface blebbing phenomenon, represent a common feature which can be in any case detected. Our results also allow to hypothesize an important role of cytoskeleton in such a process.

Walter Malorni

Papers

S.13.1 Safety and efficacy of rituximab in SSc: an analysis from the European Scleroderma Trial and Research Group

The Italian law on gender medicine: a reality and a hope

Autophagic Behavior of T Lymphocytes in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Potential role of platelets for atherosclerotic events in rheumatoid arthritis.

Cytopathological features of cell suffering and death: Role of plasma membrane and cytoskeleton