Showing papers by "Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada published in 1981"
TL;DR: In this article, Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) plants were grown in Hoagland solution to which 20 to 2000 ppm of a soil fulvic acid (FA) were added.
Abstract: Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) plants were grown in Hoagland solution to which 20 to 2000 ppm of a soil fulvic acid (FA) were added. The addition of 100 to 300 ppm of FA produced highly significant increases in the growth and development of above and below ground plant parts, in the uptake of nutrient elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe and Zn), and in the formation of numbers of flowers per plant. Effects of adding 500 and more ppm of FA were less beneficial.
164 citations
TL;DR: A phylogenetic synthesis is presented, demonstrating the evolution of the homopterous head capsule through intermediate stages represented in the modern fauna by Psocoptera, Thysanoptera and Hemiptera–Gymnocerata.
Abstract: The structure of the sclerous parts of representative Rhynchota is analyzed and compared with those of Psocoptera and Thysanoptera. Known data on embryology and musculature are also considered in deriving homologies of the structures. The term "suture" is redefined. Standardized terms for the sclerous parts of the head capsules of Rhynchota are recommended and compared with those of previous authors. A phylogenetic synthesis is presented, demonstrating the evolution of the homopterous head capsule through intermediate stages represented in the modern fauna by Psocoptera, Thysanoptera, and Hemiptera–Gymnocerata. Evidence is presented that Coleorrhyncha are related to Hemiptera rather than to Homoptera, that the Gymnocerata and Cryptocerata are natural groups within the Hemiptera and that Cicadomorpha, Aphidomorpha, and Fulgoromorpha are natural groups within the Homoptera.
159 citations
TL;DR: Eight of the common species of the genus Myriophyllum are found to exhibit sufficient phenotypic plasticity to account for most if not all the taxonomic problems encountered.
Abstract: Thirteen species of the genus Myriophyllum are found in North America; ten are native, three have been introduced. A key to the species is provided and previous conflicting taxonomic treatments are assessed. The possibility of a polyploid series involving four species is considered and dismissed. Eight of the common species are found to exhibit sufficient phenotypic plasticity to account for most if not all the taxonomic problems encountered.
74 citations
TL;DR: A series of feeding trials was initiated with contaminated wheat (1.0 ppm vomitoxin) to determine effects on swine and poultry as mentioned in this paper, and the results indicated low levels of vomitoxin, with some analytical results as high as 8.5 ppm.
Abstract: During the summer of 1980, there was a great deal of rainfall and high humidity in southwestern Ontario. Sprouting of the kernels on plants in the field and pink discoloration down-graded the white winter wheat crop. Samples were submitted to Agriculture Canada from elevators and boats loading wheat for export. Chemical analyses indicated low levels of vomitoxin, with some analytical results as high as 8.5 ppm. A series of feeding trials was initiated with contaminated wheat (1.0 ppm vomitoxin) to determine effects on swine and poultry. Swine diets containing 0.3 and 0.7 ppm vomitoxin resulted in decreased feed consumption and weight gains. Poultry were fed similar levels of vomitoxin without any serious effects. Gross examination of internal organs at the termination of the subacute studies revealed no apparent toxic effects. Several farmers reported feed refusal, vomiting and death in their livestock. Chemical analyses, in general, revealed relatively low levels of vomitoxin. In one case, the level of vomitoxin (0.95 ppm) in the feed was high enough to be a possible contributing factor in the observed ill effects.
61 citations
TL;DR: Uptake and efflux of fenapanil, fenarimol, and 2,4-D illustrated the possible role that cellular binding or partitioning may play in systemic translocation in xenobiotics.
53 citations
01 Jan 1981-Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B-pesticides Food Contaminants and Agricultural Wastes
TL;DR: On a regional basis, ergotamine followed by ergocristine were the major alkaloids observed in the east whereas the order was reversed in the west, andErgometrine, ergosine, ergocornine, and ergocryptine were also observed to a lesser degree; ergostine was not observed.
Abstract: The total alkaloid content and individual alkaloid composition were determined by colorimetry and high performance liquid chromatography, respectively, for Canadian rye ergot sclerotia. The total alkaloid content was highly variable between sclerotia from the same head, field, or region and ranged from 0.011 to 0.452% (av. 0.249%). Levels were lowest in ergot from Prince Edward Island. The individual alkaloid composition was uniform throughout a single sclerotium or in different sclerotia from the same head, somewhat uniform for averages in different fields throughout a region, but highly variable from head to head in a given field. On a regional basis, ergotamine followed by ergocristine were the major alkaloids observed in the east whereas the order was reversed in the west. Ergometrine, ergosine, ergocornine, and ergocryptine were also observed to a lesser degree; ergostine was not observed. Isomerization of ergometrine increased from near 0% in the east to about 40% in the west, but was relatively constant (about 30%) for the peptide alkaloids in all regions.
47 citations
TL;DR: It appears that the heterosis of the 4x-2x hybrids is the result of a broadening of the genetic base of Group Tuberosum breeding stocks by the incorporation of germ plasm from the primitive diploid South American cultivars.
Abstract: Six advanced selections of a population of 4x-2x hybrids were tested and compared with six well-adapted Group Tuberosum cultivars under field conditions at four locations in Canada over two years. Three 4x-2x hybrids produced a total and a marketable yield which was equal to or higher than that of most cultivars over eight environments. For marketable yield considerable differences existed between genotypes in the amount of variation occurring over the eight environments. Both groups of genotypes contained clones with low and high variation for marketable yield. Analysis of genotype-environment (GE) interactions for marketable yield indicated that all genotypes differed from each other in their responses to the environmental effects. However, there was no clear distinction between the group of 4x-2x hybrids and the group of cultivars for the GE interaction patterns. It appears that the heterosis of the 4x-2x hybrids is the result of a broadening of the genetic base of Group Tuberosum breeding stocks by the incorporation of germ plasm from the primitive diploid South American cultivars. Development of improved diploid parents is necessary in order to achieve the full potential of the 4x-2x hybridization method.
43 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an analytical procedure is presented which permits the routine determination of mono-to-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins down to the 1 ppb★ level in technical and formulated products of 2,4-D acids, esters and amine salts.
39 citations
01 Jan 1981-Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B-pesticides Food Contaminants and Agricultural Wastes
TL;DR: The low amount of pesticides applied to the clay loam is unlikely to have detrimental effects on soil microbes and the enzymes important to soil fertility.
Abstract: Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effect of 32 pesticides applied at 2 levels on populations of microorganisms, activities of urease, dehydrogenase, phosphatase and nitrogenase in a clay loam incubated for 1 week. Results indicated that a decrease in bacterial number was observed with thiram for 2 days and stimulation with chlorpyrifos after 7 days. Some fungicides and fumigants inhibited fungal numbers for 2 days. The recovery was rapid and stimulatory effects on microbial numbers were evident in many samples. None of the pesticides inhibited soil urease drastically. Formazan formation was not suppressed vigorously by the treatments. With the exception of DD and Vorlex at a high level, none of the treatments inhibited phosphatase in the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl disodium orthophosphate. A temporary decrease in nitrogenase activity in acetylene (C2H2) reduction was observed with many pesticides. The low amount of pesticides applied to the clay loam is unlikely to have detrimental effects on soil microbes and the enzymes important to soil fertility.
37 citations
TL;DR: Imogolite was detected in clay fractions dispersed at pH 4 from four of seven samples of horizons below the podzolic B horizons of some soils from coastal British Columbia as mentioned in this paper.
36 citations
01 Jan 1981
01 Jan 1981-Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B-pesticides Food Contaminants and Agricultural Wastes
TL;DR: In a laboratory study, the persistence of carbofuran and its 3-hydroxy- and 3-keto-metabolites was examined separately over 16 wk in sterile and natural organic (muck) and mineral (loam) soils.
Abstract: In a laboratory study, the persistence of carbofuran and its 3‐hydroxy‐ and 3‐keto‐metabolites was examined separately over 16 wk in sterile and natural organic (muck) and mineral (loam) soils. Carbofuran was relatively persistent in sterile soils; at 8 wk 77% remained in the sterile muck and about 50% remained in the sterile loam. In the natural muck 25% of initial carbofuran remained at 8 wk whereas in the natural loam carbofuran had completely disappeared by that time. The 3‐ketocarbofuran was very short‐lived even in the sterile muck where only 50% remained at 1 wk. The 3‐hydroxycarbofuran degraded appreciably on zero day in the natural soils (with conversion to 3‐ketocarbofuran) and about 90% had disappeared in 1 wk. A more detailed study of the persistence of 3‐hydroxycarbofuran in the natural soils showed complete disappearance in 2 days in loam and in 3 days in muck. The 3‐ketocarbofuran produced from the 3‐hydroxy‐carbofuran reached a maximum concentration in 1 day and then disappeared w...
TL;DR: A thermal summation model based on heat units above 9°C accurately predicted peak hatch of eggs, an event critical to management of the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyll.), in southern Ontario.
Abstract: A thermal summation model based on heat units above 9°C accurately predicted peak hatch of eggs, an event critical to management of the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyll.), in southern Ontario. The model also gave accurate predictions for maximum numbers of the larval and pupal stages, as well as other significant events such as cocooning and adult emergence.
TL;DR: Two electrophoretically different forms of sterol ester hydrolase were obtained from the cytoplasmic extract of the mycelia of Fusarium oxysporum and the properties of the microbial enzyme are discussed in relation.
Abstract: Two electrophoretically different forms of sterol ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.13) were obtained from the cytoplasmic extract of the mycelia ofFusarium oxysporum. The entities, estimated at 60,000 (I) and 15,000 (II) molecular weights, were obtained in Sephadex G100 column chromatography of the ammonium sulfate precipitate from the cytoplasmic extract. A third form III, 75,000 MW, was obtained from the culture filtrate. The activity of the enzyme was increased by Triton X-100 and was not inhibited byp-chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB), a sulfhydryl reagent. The enzymes I and II were inhibited differentially by NaCl. The optimal activities of forms I, II and III occurred at pH 4.8, pH 8.0 and pH 7.0, respectively. the apparent Km values of 7.7×10−5, 8.3×10−5 and 10.5×10−5, respectively, indicate a similar order of affinity for cholesteryl oleate at pH 7.1. The rate of hydrolysis of cholesteryl esters were in the order: linoleate>oleate>valerate>butyrate > acetate. Cholesteryl benzoate and palmitate were not hydrolyzed. The properties of the microbial enzyme are discussed in relation.
TL;DR: 3,4-Dihydroxyacetophenone, 3, 4-dihydroxpropiophenone and acetovanillone differed in activity in the enzymic oxidative reaction of indole-3-acetic acid.
TL;DR: The last instar larvae of the tribe Pyraustini of America north of Mexico are described and the relationships between the adults and the larvae are discussed.
Abstract: The last instar larvae of the tribe Pyraustini of America north of Mexico are described. Thirty-five species and 19 genera are included in this study, Munroeodes Amsel—1 species, Saucrobotys Munroe—1 species, Epicorsia Hubner—1 species, Oenobotys Munroe—1 species, Crocidophora Lederer—1 species, Ostrinia Hubner—3 species, Fumibotys Munroe—1 species, Eurrhypara Hubner—1 species, Phlyctaenia Hubner—1 species, Nealgedonia Munroe—1 species, Mutuuraia Munroe—1 species, Anania Hubner—1 species, Hahncappsia Munroe—5 species, Achyra Guenee—2 species, Helvibotys Munroe—1 species, Sitochroa Hubner—1 species, Uresiphita Hubner—1 species, Loxostege Hubner—5 species, and Pyrausta Schrank—6 species. The last instar larvae of 10 species are described for the first time, Munroeodes thalesalis (Walker), Oenobotys vinotinctalis (Hampson), Crocidophora pustuliferalis Lederer, Nealgedonia extricalis (Guenee), Pyrausta dapalis (Grote), P . fodinalis (Lederer), P . sp. near laticlavia (Grote and Robinson), P . orphisalis Walker, P . tyralis (Guenee), P . unifascialis (Packard). The relationships between the adults and the larvae are discussed. Key to the genera for last instar larvae is given, and the larval characters illustrated.
TL;DR: In this article, the adsorption at pH's 4, 6 and 8 of adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine and uracil on clays (montmorillonite, illite and kaolinite), Fe- and Al-oxides (goethite, hematite and gibbsite), a soil, and on a laboratory-prepared fulvic acid-montorillonite complex was investigated.
Abstract: The adsorption at pH's 4, 6 and 8 of adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine and uracil on clays (montmorillonite, illite and kaolinite), Fe- and Al-oxides (goethite, hematite and gibbsite), a soil, and on a laboratory-prepared fulvic acid-montmorillonite complex was investigated. Portions of the clays and soil were saturated with H+, Fe3+ and Ca2+. Quantitatively, the extent of adsorption of nucleic acid bases by the clays was proportional to their exchange capacities, but the nature of the dominant cation had only minor effects. By contrast, the adsorption was strongly affected by pH, tending to decrease with increase in pH. Adsorption on goethite and gibbsite was lower than that on clays, while adsorption of nucleic acid bases on soils was slightly lower than that on oxides. The fulvic acid-montmorillonite complex adsorbed substantial, although smaller amounts of purines and pyrimidines, than did montmorillonite alone. The main adsorption mechanism at pH 4 appeared to be cation exchange whereas at pH 8 complex formation between the nucleic acid bases and cations on inorganic surfaces seemed to occur. The results of this and earlier work show that both inorganic and organic soil constituents adsorb nucleic acid bases. Which adsorption reaction predominates will depend on the clay and organic matter content and on the pH.
TL;DR: Results indicate that conjugation of methyl bromide with glutathione is a major detoxication pathway and tolerance to this fumigant is related, in part at least, to the level of glutathion in the granary weevil.
TL;DR: All stages of a new genus, Euryhapsis, are described and differentiated from several other genera of primitive Orthocladiinae and a key to species of males is presented.
Abstract: All stages of a new genus, Euryhapsis , are described and differentiated from several other genera of primitive Orthocladiinae. Three new species are described: Euryhapsis cilium (type-species), Euryhapsis illoba , and Euryhapsis brevis . Eurycnemus annuliventris (Malloch) is transferred to Euryhapsis . A key to species of males is presented.
TL;DR: Honey bees in a swarm can distinguish and will prefer their own over a foreign queens, but when artificial Nassanoff pheromone is released from a dispenser near a foreign queen, she is preferred to a familiar queen.
Abstract: Honey bees in a swarm can distinguish and will prefer their own over a foreign queen. Continuous feeding of artificially scented syrup to the bees over a few days gradually diminishes their ability to discriminate. When artificial Nassanoff pheromone is released from a dispenser near a foreign queen, she is preferred to a familiar queen.
TL;DR: In this paper, the most commonly used criteria for selection of steak and roast purchases were color, price and lean-to-fat ratio, but colour and price were not as widely considered by respondents in the mid-age groups.
Abstract: Beef, pork, poultry, and fish were relatively widely consumed, while lamb and veal were consumed on a regular basis by a relatively small proportion of the respondents in this investigation. Pork was more widely consumed by younger respondents (under 50 years), while a large proportion of older respondents regularly consumed lamb and veal. Number of per capita servings of most kinds of meat and of beef steaks and roasts appeared to increase with age of adult household members. Older respondents (over 50 years) consumed more per capita servings of the higher priced beef cuts, but similar amounts of the cheaper beef cuts. A larger proportion of younger respondents (under 35 years) either did not know or failed to ascertain the grade of beef regularly purchased, while a larger proportion of the older respondents (over 35 years) believed they were purchasing steer beef in preference to heifer beef. Colour, price and lean-to-fat ratio were the most widely used criteria for selection of steak and roast purchases, but colour and price were not as widely considered by respondents in the mid-age groups (25–50 years). Marbling increased in importance as a selection criterion with age of respondent. Respondents in the mid-age groups considered grade and butcher recommendations most often when selecting beef purchases. Respondents in all age groups considered tenderness and flavour most important to the acceptability of steaks and roasts, after purchase, but colour and lean-to-fat ratio were also relatively important to older respondents (over 50 years). Documentation of consumption patterns, selection criteria, and factors contributing to acceptability in various geographical areas is important, so that industry can modify production, processing, and handling practices to better satisfy consumer requirements and desires.
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: In British Columbia apple orchards, a program of pest management is well established and administered by professional managers holding a master's degree in pestology as discussed by the authors, and the key to the management program is a monitoring system for codling moth, Laspeyresia pomonella (L), based upon male captures in sex pheromone traps.
Abstract: In British Columbia apple orchards, a program of pest management is well established and administered by professional managers holding a master’s degree in pestology. The key to the management program is a monitoring system for codling moth, Laspeyresia pomonella (L.), based upon male captures in sex pheromone traps. The monitoring program has been developed for conditions in British Columbia orchards and it should be emphasized that although principles have application elsewhere, details of a monitoring system must be determined for each area.
TL;DR: It is established that a greater diversity of moths exists and greater nocturnal flight activity occurs than was previously supposed for alpine tundra communities.
Abstract: A blacklight trap was established at 3790 m in 1978 and at 3505 m, 3657 m, 3790 m, and 3810 m, in 1979, on the alpine tundra in Colorado. Weekly catches from 6 July to 4 August 1978, and 26 June to 14 September 1979, resulted in ca. 3500 individuals of over 48 species of moths. These results establish that a greater diversity of moths exists and greater nocturnal flight activity occurs than was previously supposed for alpine tundra communities. The implications for pollination and insect foraging are discussed.
TL;DR: The last instar larva of Hellula rogatalis (Hulst) is described and illustrated, and diagnostic characters of the genus are given, and a key included for the North American species.
Abstract: The last instar larva of Hellula rogatalis (Hulst) is described and illustrated. Diagnostic characters of the genus are given, and a key included for the North American species. Larvae of this genus are compared with those of Dicymolomia Zeller.
TL;DR: The wheat bulb fly, Delia coarctata (Fallen), a widespread Eurasian species, is recorded for the first time from Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and Maine.
Abstract: The wheat bulb fly, Delia coarctata (Fallen), a widespread Eurasian species, is recorded for the first time from Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and Maine. Unlike most Anthomyiidae, this species overwinters in the egg stage in the soil. Hatching occurs in early spring, and young larvae attack the roots of fall-germinated grasses. The primary host is couch grass, Agropyron repens (Linnaeus). In Europe, however, D . coarctata is an important pest of winter wheat, and workers in North America are alerted to its potential economic importance here. Adults may be distinguished from other root maggot flies by a combination of characters which includes the plumosity of the arista, the setation of the thorax and legs, the colour of the wings and legs, and most importantly, the details of the male and female terminalia.
TL;DR: A five-part forage-dairy deterministic simulation model was prepared to integrate information on various production processes and, hence, to improve the basis for management advice given by extension workers.
TL;DR: It is suggested that the inhibited ATPase complex has physiological significance in the energy needs of this muscle which is highly specialized for flight.
Abstract: 1. 1. The uncoupler- and Mg 2+ -stimulated ATPase activity of thoracic muscle mitochondria of houseflies has been studied in relation to the composition of the isolation medium. 2. 2. Mitochondria isolated in isotonic sucrose solution showed a low uncoupler- and Mg 2+ -stimulated ATPase activity. 3. 3. Activation of both ATPases was evident in mitochondria that were isolated in a sucrose medium supplemented with EDTA or oxidizable substrates. 4. 4. The substrate-activated response to DNP was abolished by cyanide and antimycin A. 5. 5. Mitochondria that were isolated in sucrose medium supplemented with Mg ATP show a very low Mg 2+ -stimulated ATPase activity which was enhanced by substrate, EDTA and KCl. 6. 6. The Mg 2+ -stimulated ATPase of fly submitochondrial particles was enhanced by trypsin. 7. 7. The activating effect of EDTA, substrates and KCl and the suppressing effect of MgATP is consistent with the fact that the former group of agents promotes a dissociation of the Pullman-Monroy type of endogenous inhibitor from the ATPase molecule while MgATP enhances the association of the inhibitor with the ATPase molecule. 8. 8. It is suggested that the inhibited ATPase complex has physiological significance in the energy needs of this muscle which is highly specialized for flight.