Showing papers by "Brigham Young University published in 1985"
TL;DR: It is suggested that paclobutrazol delays dark-induced senescence in attached soybean leaves and that this delay is associated with the maintenance of catalase activity and the prevention of the senescENCE-linked rise in peroxid enzyme activity and lipid peroxidation.
298 citations
TL;DR: This paper examined the effect of self-interest, new symbolic racism, and old-fashioned racism on attitudes about affirmative action programs in a national survey conducted in the late fall of 1978 by Louis Harris and Associates for the National Conference of Christians and Jews.
Abstract: Despite the decade-long debate in the media and in the social science literature over affirmative action programs, relatively little information has appeared about attitudes toward these programs. In this article racial threat or self-interest, new symbolic racism, and old-fashioned racism are examined as predictors of attitudes about affirmative action programs. The data are from a national survey conducted in the late fall of 1978 by Louis Harris and Associates for the National Conference of Christians and Jews. Self-interest, new symbolic racism, and old-fashioned racism are all found to be related to attitudes about affirmative action programs and remain so when a variety of control variables are included in the regression analyses. The new racism scale was clearly the best predictor of attitudes about affirmative action programs but is shown to have many underpinnings from traditional sources of racism. Possible reasons for the effect of self-interest on attitudes about affirmative action programs th...
198 citations
TL;DR: The data confirm previous studies by showing a significant sex difference in the SDN-POA between control male and female rats, which is 50% smaller than the nuclear areas of control males.
180 citations
175 citations
TL;DR: The issues of epistemology, methodology, and ethics for two prototypes of the qualitative-quantitative continuum are addressed and recommendations are made for nursing research which rely on both approaches.
Abstract: Nursing research has not evolved with immunity from the qualitative-quantitative debate which has surrounded the behavioural and social sciences. The outcome of this debate should be better nursing science since researchers are forced to face and address the controversial issues. Attaining this goal requires researchers to debate the issues with a knowledge of epistemology and methodology and not blind devotion to the tradition of the hard sciences. This paper addresses the issues of epistemology, methodology, and ethics for two prototypes of the qualitative-quantitative continuum. Grounded theory explains the issues of qualitative research: the search for meaning, the inclusion of environmental factors, the depth of data, and the treatment of participants as subjects. The true experiment, the epitomy of the quantitative approach, seeks to identify existing truths by isolating the significant variables and controlling for contaminating factors. Based on these arguments, recommendations are made for nursing research which rely on both approaches.
171 citations
TL;DR: A technique is presented that makes it possible to piece together two algebraic surface patches with any degree of cross-boundary derivative continuity.
155 citations
TL;DR: The results indicate that a change in relative C3/C4 dominance has occurred, and suggest that the C4 shrub Atriplex confertifolia is increasing in importance in this salt-desert community.
Abstract: Stable carbon isotope ratios of roots and soil organic matter were measured in Curlew Valley, Utah to determine if changes in the relative dominance of two shrub species had occurred in this salt-desert community. Measurements were made on soil cores along transects stretching from monospecific stands of Ceratoides lanata, a C3 shrub, to monospecific stands of Atriplex confertifolia, a C4 shrub. δ13C values of roots and soil organic matter under Ceratoides cover appeared to be in equilibrium with the current plant community. By contrast, δ13C values of roots and soils under Atriplex portions of the transects were more negative than would be expected for a C4-dominated community. These results indicate that a change in relative C3/C4 dominance has occurred, and suggest that the C4 shrub Atriplex confertifolia is increasing in importance in this salt-desert community.
134 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the selectivities of cobalt/alumina catalysts for CO hydrogenation were determined as a function of metal loading, reduction temperature, and preparation, and the results indicated that high specific activity is apparently favored on sites to which CO is strongly coordinated.
124 citations
Patent•
15 Mar 1985TL;DR: In this paper, a computer system and method for data base indexing and information retrieval is described, where a number of keywords are selected and each record of a data base is searched to determine in which records each keyword appears and numerically sort the record numbers.
Abstract: A computer system and method for data base indexing and information retrieval A number of keywords are selected and each record of a data base is searched to determine in which records each keyword appears The central processing unit of the system then creates a vector for each keyword which identifies each record number of the data base where the keyword appears and numerically sorts the record numbers A special bit processor next transforms each vector into a bit string that is identified by one of the keywords The bit strings are returned to the central processing unit and are stored in secondary storage so as to form an index for the data base To retrieve information, one or more keywords are input to the central processing unit The input keywords are used by the central processing unit to identify the bit string for each keyword The keywords may be logically joined using "AND," "OR" and/or "NOT" commands Each bit string retrieved from the index is then sent to the special purpose bit processor, which combines the bit strings according to the particular command The resultant bit string is transformed by the bit processor into a vector which is returned to the central processing unit and which then is used to identify the individual records which contain the combined keywords
117 citations
TL;DR: How Ferruginous Hawks respond to disturbances, the levels of disturbances they will tolerate, and the size of buffer zones needed by disturbed pairs to maintain a level of nest success and productivity similar to those of undisturbed pairs are determined.
Abstract: -The Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis) is a conspicuous grassland bird that is sensitive to human disturbance. In 1978 and 1979, we studied 62 nesting pairs and recorded their behavior and nesting success. At 24 of these nests, we daily created disturbances designed to simulate those associated with land development on western rangelands. The other nests were not disturbed. Treated nests and control nests differed significantly (P < 0.05) in the number that successfully fledged young. Thirty-three percent of the disturbed nests were deserted by the adults, although our presence in the vicinity of the nest was brief. Those disturbed nests that were successful fledged significantly fewer young (P < 0.05) than undisturbed nests. Based on our cumulative data, adults did not flush 60% of the time if our activities were more than 120 m from the nest and 90% of the time if they were more than 250 m from it. Accordingly, for intermittent and brief human disturbance during years when prey are abundant and Ferruginous Hawks are in good physiological condition, we suggest that a minimum buffer zone of 0.25 km around the nest is sufficient to prevent nest desertion by at least 90% of the population. Buffer zone should be expanded in years when prey are scarce, i.e., when the hawks appear to be less tolerant of disturbance. The Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis) is seriously affected in some areas by land development and, consequently some populations of the species are apparently small and may be declining. Reflecting this trend, the species has been on the Audubon Blue List since the list was established in 1971 (Tate and Tate 1982). A minimum number of breeding pairs was recently estimated at 2,810-3,590 over the entire range (M. Call, unpubl., U.S. Bureau of Land Management, Denver, CO, 1980). Ferruginous Hawks are particularly sensitive to human activity (Olendorff and Stoddard 1974, Fyfe and Olendorff 1976, Woffinden and Murphy 1977) and are prone to desert their nests if disturbed during incubation. Nonetheless, the species can respond well to management (White 1974, Porter and White 1976, Murphy 1978) so that it may be possible to adjust human activities to minimize ecological disturbance to it. Kennedy (1980) suggested such an approach in her assessment of conflicts concerning raptors and land use. It is becoming increasingly difficult to maintain critical wildlife habitat as the multiple-use demands on land intensify. The amount of disturbance that sensitive species will tolerate must be measured so that land management plans can be devised that are compatible with the species' needs. Our objectives were to determine how Ferruginous Hawks respond to disturbances, the levels of disturbances they will tolerate, and the size of buffer zones neede by disturbed pairs to maintain a level of nesti g success and productivity similar to those of undisturbed pairs. To accomplish this, we considered the natural tolerance thresholds of the species, the relationship of tolerance to prey availability, and the nesting history of the po ulation as related to disturbance. Most previous buffer zone recommendations from management agencies and the scientific community have been based primarily on best guess or anecdotal knowledge. Estimates of the sensitivity of Ferruginous Hawks, or raptors in general, to human disturbance were mainly obtained from observations made during studies of their breeding ecology. A significant exception is the Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus le cocephalus) for which considerable data were collected to aid development of sound management policies (cf. Grier 1969, Gerrard and Gerrard 1975, Mathison et al. 1977). Stalmaster and Newman (1978) examined the effects of some controlled disturbances on nonnesting Bald Eagles, but few other attempts hav been made to identify, quantify, and control variables that cause nest desertion. METHODS AND STUDY AREA We conducted our study throughout the Raft River Valley (42?N, 1130W), Cassia County, sou h-central Idaho (Fig. 1). The northern boundary of the valley opens onto the Snake
111 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a number of new hypoxanthine analogs have been prepared as substrate inhibitors of xanthine oxidase, and the structure-activity relationships of these new phenyl substitutions are discussed and compared with the 3-m-tolyl- and 3-phenyl-7-hydroxypyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-5-ones.
TL;DR: A low-molecular-weight cytotoxic protein has been purified from Pyrularia pubera Michx and is clearly a thionin, as shown by its close resemblance to the thionins from wheat and barley, to the viscotoxins from mistletoes, and to crambin.
TL;DR: In this paper, a cobalt/silica and four iron catalysts (unsupported, silica-supported, K-promoted and borided) were exposed to 0.5-8 ppm H 2 S either in situ in a 2/1 H 2 /CO reaction mixture or in pure hydrogen.
TL;DR: It is shown that coarse behavior, behavior which appears to be rule-bound and inflexible, and which fails to adapt to predictable changes in the environment, is an optimal response to a particular type of uncertainty the authors call extended uncertainty.
TL;DR: In this article, various factors that affect rural land values in Texas are evaluated using cross-sectional land value data and regression analysis, various factors such as population density, proximity to major metropolitan centers, quality of deer hunting, and aesthetic differences across the state explain the majority of the differences in rural land value.
Abstract: Consumptive demand applies significant upward pressure on rural land values and plays an important role in determining farm and ranch structure in Texas. Using cross-sectional land value data and regression analysis, various factors that affect rural land values in Texas are evaluated. Population density, proximity to major metropolitan centers, quality of deer hunting, and aesthetic differences across the state explain the majority of the differences in rural land values. On the average, only about 22 percent of the total market value of rural land in Texas can be statistically explained by its productive value.
TL;DR: The authors examined the relationship between class size and achievement at the college level and found that class size may be less important an influence on student achievement than some educators have thought than some researchers have thought.
Abstract: This study investigates the relationship between class size and achievement at the college level. Recent meta-analyses have found a strong relationship between class size and student achievement, but few of the studies examined class size larger than 40 or university-age populations. This analysis examines a university's testing-center data-archives representing 305 sections from 24 different courses. Section sizes ranged from 13 to 1,006. A total of 16,230 test scores were analyzed. The results of this investigation reveal that at the college level, class size may be less important an influence on student achievement than some educators have thought.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe and integrate a multidimensional approach for measuring and understanding small group process and apply it to evidence, both conceptual and empirical, resulting from studies of cohesion.
Abstract: This article is third in a series of four describing and integrating a multidimensional approach for measuring and understanding small group process. The construct of cohesion is reviewed and the multidimensional approach is applied to evidence, both conceptual and empirical, resulting from studies of cohesion. Observations and conclusions are discussed regarding cohesion and its current state.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors assess the concurrent validity of standardized achievement tests using teachers' ratings (and rankings) of pupils' academic achievement as criteria, 42 teachers evaluated each of their students (n = 1,032) in each of five major curricular areas prior to the administration of a battery of standardized achievements tests.
Abstract: To assess the concurrent validity of standardized achievement tests using teachers' ratings (and rankings) of pupils' academic achievement as criteria, 42 teachers evaluated each of their students (n = 1,032) in each of five major curricular areas prior to the administration of a battery of standardized achievement tests. The teachers were directed to rate each student's proficiency disregarding attendance, attitude, deportment, and so on. Within-class correlation coefficients were computed to eliminate rater leniency bias. The standardized achievement tests were found to have substantial concurrent validity in reading, math, language arts, science, and social studies. The normalized teacher ranks yielded significantly higher validity coefficients than did the ratings, although the magnitude of the difference was small. The concurrent validity coefficients for language arts, reading, and math were significantly higher than those in science and social studies.
TL;DR: Gain valuable insight into better geometric approaches to high- degree surface patches by studying the simple free-form Steiner patch.
Abstract: Gain valuable insight into better geometric approaches to high- degree surface patches by studying the simple free-form Steiner patch
TL;DR: The number of leaves on the main culm was correlated with morphological changes in the wheat spike during development, up to the terminal spikelet stage, and the relationship between leaf number and stage of spike development was consistent.
Abstract: The number of leaves on the main culm was correlated with morphological changes in the wheat spike during development, up to the terminal spikelet stage. The developmental changes were divided into nine stages, which were compared with stages described by other investigators. Several environmental conditions were utilized to determine the consistency of morphological correlations. Although the different environments did influence the length of time required to reach the various stages, the relationship between leaf number and stage of spike development was consistent. Regardless of environmental conditions, all stages were evident. Vernalization period affected the number of spikelets. Plants vernalized 6 wk produced 17-19 spikelets7 compared to 21-24 spikelets on plants vernalized 3 wk. There were three major morphological events dunng spike development: 1) the change from vegetative to reproductive growth, 2) lateral spikelet development, and 3) the initiation and development of the terminal spikelet.
TL;DR: Four fixed-film biological filters were tested for the removal of ammonia using a simulated warmwater fish and invertebrate culture water supply and the rotating biological contactor provided the best ammonia removal.
TL;DR: The most pervasive and damaging effects of liquefaction generated by the 1983 Borah Peak, Idaho earthquake occurred in the Big Lost River and Thousand Springs Valleys above Mackay Reservoir as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The most pervasive and damaging effects of liquefaction generated by the 1983 Borah Peak, Idaho earthquake occurred in the Big Lost River and Thousand Springs Valleys above Mackay Reservoir. Less severe effects occurred in the Big Lost River Valley south of Mackay Reservoir and in the Pahsimeroi Valley. Nearly all of the liquefaction effects developed in floodplain alluvium of late Holocene age. However, the sediment that liquefied beneath the alluvial fans on the east side of the Thousand Springs Valley was deposited in late Pleistocene time. The distance from the fault to the farthest effect of liquefaction was unusually short for an MS = 7.2 event. The distribution of liquefaction effects were consistent, however, with the distribution of MMI intensity and estimated peak ground motion parameters, both of which attenuated more rapidly than is generally expected for an earthquake of this type and magnitude.
Patent•
25 Nov 1985TL;DR: An exercise machine or device for progressively and increasingly strengthening the muscles of normal subjects associated with the limb extremity digits or phlanges, i.e., the fingers and toes, is described in this paper.
Abstract: An exercise machine or device for progressively and increasingly strengthening the muscles of normal subjects associated with the limb extremity digits or phlanges, i.e., the fingers and toes. The basic component comprises a limb extremity platform and, coupled thereto by suitable pivot or hinge structure, a forward, movable digits' support member essentially disposed in the same plane as said platform, when disposed in a normal or medial-point operative position. Means for resisting digits' pressure upon the digit support member is connected thereto at an outer margin thereof, such structure generally comprising a flexible elongate connector such as a cable which is routed over a support pulley. The remaining extremity of the connector will generally be associated with weight means, generally permitting differential loading in small pound increments, e.g., one to five pounds. The machine or device is usable for strengthening the muscles of either the fingers or toes of the user. In one form of the invention, the juncture between the limb extremity platform and the foot digits' support member is arcuate and corresponds generally to a locus passing through the metataursal phalangeal joints, at least the central forward portion of the platform being convex and being received by a corresponding concave portion as to the digits' support member.
TL;DR: In this article, the general implications of expected utility maximization for the static model of the competitive firm under output price uncertainty for any risk preference and probability structure were derived. And the results for the empirical analysis of risk-responsive behavior under uncertainty are discussed.
TL;DR: Results provide guidelines for the subsequent toxicity testing of these chemicals and indicate that SS, NAP, and PNP were more toxic than the polyglycol ethers, ETU, and DMP.
Abstract: Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (EGdiME), diethyiene glycol dimethyl ether (diEGdiME), triethylene glycol dimethyl ether (tri'EGdiME), diethyiene glycol diethyl ether (di‐EGdiEE), ethylenethiourea (ETU), sodium selenite (SS), dimethyl phthalate (DMP), naphthalene (NAP), or p‐nitrophenol (PNP) were administered by gavage for eight consecutive days to female CD‐1 mice. Weight loss was insensitive as an index of sub‐lethal adult toxicity and was inadequate for determining a maximum tolerated dose. LD50 values indicate that SS, NAP, and PNP were more toxic (8.4, 353.6, and 625.7 mg/kg, respectively) than the polyglycol ethers, ETU, and DMP (LD50 values ranged from 2525.8 to 6281.9 mg/kg). Each of the compounds was administered on d 7 through 14 to pregnant animals at a single dose estimated to be at or just below the threshold of adult lethality. In such a reproductive study, each of the compounds could be categorized on the basis of the pattern of maternal lethality and fetotoxicity which it produced. The num...
01 Jul 1985
TL;DR: The GRaphical INteraction System (GRINS) is described, which integrates an automation-based dialogue controller with a dynamic display model to provide a User Interface Management System.
Abstract: The GRaphical INteraction System (GRINS) is described, which integrates an automation-based dialogue controller with a dynamic display model to provide a User Interface Management System. The linkage between the logical device interface and the graphical presentation of virtual devices is discussed. A display manager to support dynamic manipulations of hierarchically structure images is presented. Lastly a model of Display Objects whereby application-specific display objects can have computational constraints defined is described. The constraint system is equivalent to an attributed grammar and is evaluated using an incremental attribute flow algorithm.
TL;DR: The development and psychometric investigation of the Perceived Support Network Inventory (PSNI), a measure of perceived social support, is described and sample differences between introductory psychology student mean PSNI total and subscale scores and Counseling Center client mean PSNIs proved significant.
Abstract: The development and psychometric investigation of the Perceived Support Network Inventory (PSNI), a measure of perceived social support, is described. A group of 146 introductory psychology students participated in a test-retest study design that collected reliability, internal consistency, and construct, convergent, and discriminant validity data on the scale. In addition, a contrast group of 28 Counseling Center clients was administered the PSNI. Test-retest reliability of the PSNI total score and subscale scores ranged from .72 to .88. Internal consistency for the PSNI was .77. Construct validity estimates ranged from .21 to .57. Convergent validity estimates varied from -.25 to .20. Discriminant validity estimates varied from -.11 to .19. Sample differences between introductory psychology student mean PSNI total and subscale scores and Counseling Center client mean PSNI total and subscale scores proved significant. Recommendations for subsequent research and future application are offered.
TL;DR: The mycorrhizal associations appear to be very limited in inland salt playas with sodium content, and it is possible to obtain a gradient by following a transect from the centre of the salt playa to the higher outer zones.
Abstract: The value of mycorrhizal association for higher plants has been well established. However, the impact of high salinity on the mycorrhizal relationship has not been investigated to any great extent. Inland salt playas represent an opportunity to test the impact of salinity because it is possible to obtain a gradient by following a transect from the centre of the salt playa to the higher outer zones. In a salt playa near Goshen, Utah, the sodium concentration ranged from 27,150 ppm in the centre to 25 ppm in the outer zone. In the playas with sodium concentrations of 20,000 ppm, no mycorrhiza were detected on the halophytes and no spores of mycorrhizal fungi were found in the soil. One percent of the roots of salt grass in soils containing 8,450 ppm of sodium were mycorrhizal. In soils containing 622 ppm of 45 percent of the roots of a salt-tolerant grass (hybrid ofAgropyron repens × Agropyron spicatum) were mycorrhizal. Halophytes such asSalicornia pacifica var.utahensis which are among the most salt tolerant halophytes of the inland salt playas rarely had mycorrhizal roots. The mycorrhizal associations appear to be very limited in inland salt playas with sodium content.