Showing papers by "Columbia University published in 1975"

Equity, Equality, and Need: What Determines Which Value Will Be Used as the Basis of Distributive Justice?

Abstract: The concept of justice is discussed, and the thesis is advanced that “equity” is only one of the many values which may underlie a given system of justice. Hypotheses about the conditions which determine which values will be employed as the basis of distributive justice in a group are proposed, with discussion centered about the values of “equity,” “equality,” and “need” and the conditions which lead a group to emphasize one rather than another value.

Stages in adolescent involvement in drug use

Abstract: Two longitudinal surveys based on random samples of high school students in New York State indicate four stages in the sequence of involvement with drugs: beer or wine, or both; cigarettes or hard liquor; marihuana; and other illicit drugs. The legal drugs are necessary intermediates between nonuse and marihuana. Whereas 27 percent of high school students who smoke and drink progress to marihuana within a 5- to 6-month follow-up period, only 2 percent of those who have not used any legal substance do so. Marihuana, in turn, is a crucial step on the way to other illicit drugs. While 26 percent of marihuana users progress to LSD, amphetamines, or heroin, only 1 percent of nondrug marihuana users and 4 percent of legal drug users do so. This sequence is found in each of the 4 years in high school and in the year after graduation. The reverse sequence holds for regression in drug use.

Real Homotopy Theory of Kähler Manifolds.

Abstract: 1. Homotopy Theory of Differential Algebras . . . . . . . . . . 248 2. De Rham Homotopy Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 3. Relation between De Rham Homotopy Theory and Classical Homotopy Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 4. Formality of Differential Algebras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 5. The De Rham Complex of a Compact K~ihler Manifold . . . . . 262 6. The Main Theorem and Two Proofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 7. An Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

Malignant soft tissue tumors of probable histiocytic origin (malignant fibrous histiocytomas): general considerations and electron microscopic and tissue culture studies.

Abstract: Correlated light and electron microscopic study of four fibrous histiocytomas of proven malignancy has confirmed the presence of histiocyte-like and fibroblast-like cells in this tumor. In addition, an undifferentiated cell type, giant cells, xanthomatous cells, and rare cells with morphological characteristics intermediate between those of histiocytes and fibroblasts were seen. "Nuclear body" type inclusions were commonly present in both principal cell types in all four cases, as were the somewhat less common cytoplasmic inclusion bodies. Electron microscopic study of a tissue culture of one of these tumors demonstrated only fibroblast-like, histiocyte-like, and xanthomatous cells. The possibility is suggested that both principal cell types in this tumor may derive from the same undifferentiated stem cell.

Sequence and stages in patterns of adolescent drug use.

Abstract: Two prospective longitudinal surveys based on New York State high school students indicate well-defined steps underlying adolescent progression and regression in drug use. At least four stages of involvement with drugs can be identified: (1) beer or wine; (2) cigarettes or hard liquor; (3) marijuana; and (4) other illicit drugs. Two stages of legal drugs are necessary intermediates between nonuse and marijuana. Very few youths progress to other illicit drugs without prior experience with marijuana. This sequence is found in- each year of high school and in- the year following graduation. Progression to a higher-ranked drug is directly related to intensity of use at the prior stage. The identification of stages in drug behavior has implications regarding the optimum strategy for studying factors that predict, differentiate, or result from drug use.

Structure and variation in child language.

Abstract: BLOOM, Lois; LIGHTBOWN, PATSY; and HooD, Lois Structure and Variation in Child Language With Commentary by MELISSA BOWERMAN, and MICHAEL MARATSOS; with Reply by the authors Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 1975, 40(2, Serial No 160) Patterns of structure and variation are described in the language development of four children in the period in which mean length of utterance progressed from 10 to approximately 25 morphemes Verb relations were of central importance in the children's language learning, and there was a similar developmental sequence among the children in the emergence of several semantic-syntactic categories of verb relations Possible linguistic and cognitive explanations for the obtained developmental sequence are discussed There was variation among the children in the lexical representation in utterances: although all four children presented the same semantics in their utterances-they talked about the same kinds of things and in the same sequence in the course of development-they did not use the same linguistic means for representing the same information Two of the children learned a system of pronominal reference to persons and objects in verb relations, whereas the other two children learned categories of nominal forms relative to verbs The developments within each system were orderly and predictable across time as each child proceeded to learn the other system and thereby acquired the capacity for alternative pronominal and nominal reference

Shanidar IV, a Neanderthal Flower Burial in Northern Iraq

Abstract: The discovery of pollen clusters of different kinds of flowers in the grave of one of the Neanderthals, No. IV. at Shanidar cave, Iraq. furthers our acceptance of the Neanderthals in our line of ev...

Design of a linguistic statistical decoder for the recognition of continuous speech

Abstract: Most current attempts at automatic speech recognition are formulated in an artificial intelligence framework. In this paper we approach the problem from an information-theoretic point of view. We describe the overall structure of a linguistic statistical decoder (LSD) for the recognition of continuous speech. The input to the decoder is a string of phonetic symbols estimated by an acoustic processor (AP). For each phonetic string, the decoder finds the most likely input sentence. The decoder consists of four major subparts: 1) a statistical model of the language being recognized; 2) a phonemic dictionary and statistical phonological rules characterizing the speaker; 3) a phonetic matching algorithm that computes the similarity between phonetic strings, using the performance characteristics of the AP; 4) a word level search control. The details of each of the subparts and their interaction during the decoding process are discussed.

Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?

Abstract: If man-made dust is unimportant as a major cause of climatic change, then a strong case can be made that the present cooling trend will, within a decade or so, give way to a pronounced warming induced by carbon dioxide. By analogy with similar events in the past, the natural climatic cooling which, since 1940, has more than compensated for the carbon dioxide effect, will soon bottom out. Once this happens, the exponential rise in the atmospheric carbon dioxide content will tend to become a significant factor and by early in the next century will have driven the mean planetary temperature beyond the limits experienced during the last 1000 years.

Natural rates of teacher approval and disapproval in the classroom

Abstract: Sixteen classroom observational studies were conducted to determine natural rates of teacher verbal approval and disapproval in the classroom. Rates of teacher verbal approval and disapproval were measured by the Teacher Approval and Disapproval Observation Record (TAD) over Grades 1 through 12. Teacher verbal approval rates dropped over grade, with a marked drop after second grade. In every grade after second, the rate of teacher verbal disapproval exceeded the rate of teacher verbal approval. These rates are interpreted in terms of reinforcement theory.

Crowding and behavior

Abstract: Based on research conducted over the past 5 or 6 years it has been concluded that 1) high density crowding generally does not have negative effects on humans and 2) high density does have effects on people but these effects depend on other factors in the situation. The attempt is made to offer a theory of density that explains all possible diverse effects. The premise is that crowding is not necessarily negative for it refers to the physical state of not having much space rather than to an internal state. The question is how a person is affected by the physical situation of crowding and how high density affects the behavior feelings and health of people. Although social and economic problems must be resolved before the crimes they generate can disappear the encouragement of social interaction and a sense of community can reduce dissatisfaction and create a better place to live. City streets can be made interesting rather than left to be deserted and dangerous. Furthermore it is necessary to accept the fact that high density will continue in the forseeable future. Although fighting the population exp losion is important it is both unrealistic and unnecessary to worry about the possibility of depopulating the major urban centers. People have always concentrated in the cities and will continue to do so for the essence of the city is large populations concentrated in fairly small areas. The problem of the cities is not high density. If the cities can be made healthy and pleasant living places the high density will enhance their positive aspects.

Metabolism of 3-methylhistidine in man☆

Abstract: The metabolism of L-3-methylhistidine was studied in man using intravenously administered ((14)C)3-methylhistidine. Analysis for expired (14)CO2 for periods up to 2 hr following a single intravenous injection revealed no radioactivity, indicating that this compound is not oxidized in man. Analysis of urine samples for total radioactivity showed that 75% of the administered dose was excreted in 24 hr and 95% in 48 hr. Ion-exchange chromatography of urine samples with monitoring of the column eluated by a flow liquid-scintillation technique showed the presence of only two radioactive peaks. The time taken to elute these peaks was compatible with the major excretory component (95.5%) being ((14)C)3-methylhistidine, accompanied by a small amount (4.5%) in the form of N-acetyl-((14)C)3-methylhistidine. The plasma disappearance curves of ((14)C)3-methylhistidine suggested a half-life of approximately 130 min. The inability ot oxidize 3-methylhistidine and its quantitative excretion as the original compound as well as its N-acetyl derivative is similar to its metabolic fate in the rat and therefore suggests that 3-methylhistidine excretion may provide a reliable measure of actin and myosin turnover in the whole animal or in human subjects.

Amazon Cone: Morphology, Sediments, Age, and Growth Pattern

Abstract: The morphology, sediment distribution, and growth pattern of the Amazon cone are similar to those of other deep-sea fans; its sediment, at least during the late Quaternary Period, was deposited in response to glacial-interglacial cycles, and its age of formation is estimated to be middle to late Miocene Sedimentation on the Amazon cone, at least during Quaternary time, has been climatically controlled During high sea-level stands, terrigenous sediment is trapped on the inner continental shelf, and only pelagic sediment is deposited on the cone During low sea-level stands, the Amazon River discharges terrigenous sediment into the Amazon Submarine Canyon, from where it is easily transported to the cone by gravity-controlled sediment flows Wisconsin sedimentation rates on the cone were in excess of 30 cm/10 3 yr Average sedimentation rates for the Pleistocene Epoch, based on the extrapolated age (22 my) of a prominent acoustic reflector within the cone, range from 50 to 115 cm/10 3 yr The Amazon cone began to form about 8 to 15 my BP and is thus about one-tenth the age of the Equatorial Atlantic

Malnutrition and environmental enrichment by early adoption.

Abstract: several different countries have demonstrated that malnutrition during the first two years of life, when coupled with all the other socioeconomic deprivations that generally accompany it, is associated with retarded brain growth and mental development which persist into adult life (1-3). What is not clear is the contribution of the malnutrition relative to that of the other social and cultural deprivations. When malnutrition has occurred in human populations not deprived in other ways the effects on mental development have been much less marked (4). Animal experiments have shown that early isolation results in the same type of persistent behavioral abnormalities as does early malnutrition (5). A stimulatory environment has been shown to counteract the untoward behavioral effects of early malnutrition in rats (6). These observations have led to the hypothesis that malnutrition and environmental deprivation act synergistically to isolate the infant from the normal stimulatory inputs necessary for normal development (6). In addition, they suggest that enriching the environment of previously malnourished children might result in improved development. To test this hypothesis, we have examined the current status of a group of Korean orphans who were adopted during early life by U.S. parents and who had thereby undergone a total change in environment.

Decoding for channels with insertions, deletions, and substitutions with applications to speech recognition

Abstract: A model for channels in which an input sequence can produce output sequences of varying length is described. An efficient computational procedure for calculating Pr \{Y\mid X\} is devised, where X = x_1,x_2,\cdots,x_M and Y = y_1,y_2,\cdots,y_N are the input and output of the channel. A stack decoding algorithm for decoding on such channels is presented. The appropriate likelihood function is derived. Channels with memory are considered. Some applications to speech and character recognition are discussed.

Pattern formation in a suspension of swimming microorganisms: equations and stability theory

Abstract: A model for collective movement and pattern formation in layered suspensions of negatively geotactic micro-organisms is presented. The motility of the organism is described by an average upward swimming speed U and a diffusivity tensor D. It is shown that the equilibrium suspension is unstable to infinitesimal perturbations when either the layer depth or the mean concentration of the organisms exceeds a critical value. For deep layers the maximum growth rate determines a preferred pattern size explicitly in terms of U and D. The results are compared with observations of patterns formed by the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis.

Photocontrol of Anthocyanin Synthesis: III. The Action of Streptomycin on the Synthesis of Chlorophyll and Anthocyanin.

Abstract: Streptomycin enhances the synthesis of anthocyanins and inhibits the synthesis of chlorophylls and the development of chloroplasts in dark-grown seedlings of cabbage (Brassica oleracea), mustard (Sinapis alba), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), and turnip (Brassica rapa) exposed to prolonged periods of irradiation in various spectral regions. These results suggest that the contribution of photosynthesis to light-dependent high irradiance reaction anthocyanin synthesis in seedlings of cabbage, mustard, tomato, and turnip is minimal, if any at all. So far, phytochrome is the only photoreceptor whose action in the control of light-dependent anthocyanin synthesis in seedlings of cabbage, mustard, tomato, and turnip has been satisfactorily demonstrated.

Sociocultural and Social-Psychological Factors in the Genesis of Mental Disorders*

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to assess the etiological implications of sociocultural and social-psychologicalfactors in the occurrence and distribution offunctional psychiatric disorders. Three bodies of evidence are analyzed: Thefirst consists of epidemiological studies of the "true" prevalence of psychiatric disorders; the second, of the literature on individual reactions to extreme situations; and the third, of investigations of relations between psychopathology and more ordinary stressful life events. The major issues raised by this research are examined and a report of progress in resolving one of them centering on social class differences is presented. Suggestions are made about the development of quat.si-experimental strategies, adoption of unusual sampling plans, and use of prospective rather than crosssectional research designs/for purposes of increasing our understanding of the role of sociocultural and socialpsychological factors in the genesis of mental disorders.

Monodromy groups and linearly polymorphic functions

Abstract: 1. In t roduc t ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2. No ta t i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. General remarks (for a rb i t ra ry n) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4. F u r t h e r remarks (for n = 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5. The hypergeomet r ic equa t ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 6. Marked m o n o d r o m y groups and the vec tor bundle TQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 7. Some known results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 8. S t a t emen t of the m a i n theorems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 9. Proofs of the main theorems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 10. Some fur ther results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 11. L inear ly po lymorphic funct ions wi th ramif ica t ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 12. Concluding remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Vocalizing in unison and in alternation: two modes of communication within the mother-infant dyad*

Abstract: Two laboratories studying dyadic communication have joined in a n ongoing research project on the ontogeny of communication. One laboratory has engaged in the study of naturally occurring interactions between mothers and infants, particularly their “nonverbal” communication.’-6 The other has focused on the rhythm of adult Together, we are examining vocal and kinesic behaviors and their integration during the course of development. This paper presents a part of that ongoing study. During the first half-year of life the infant communicates effectively through a variety of behaviors: head and body movement and tone, gaze, facial expressions, and vocalizations. By the age of three to four months, all of these behaviors can be integrated to form recognizable complex expressive acts. The distinction between vocal and other motor acts is less compelling at this point in development, and in fact, if made too sharply, may obscure a view of early vocalization. For instance, when watching a film of an infant, with the sound turned off, it is impossible to predict reliably when he is vocalizing. In social situations, there exists a wide range and variety of mouth behaviors, especially mouth-opening with head thrown up, which are extremely expressive and evocative.4 These may or may not be accompanied by a vocalization. When a vocalization is added to the entire kinesic event, that event becomes importantly different. Nonetheless, infant vocalizations rarely occur (in a social situation) as an isolated motor act such as an adult can perform in speaking; rather, they occur as another element in the constellation of kinesic events that make up a communicative act. Furthermore, they occur within an interpersonal context in which the levels of arousal and affective tone are constantly changing. We thus have examined mother and infant vocalization from the viewpoint that they are sound-producing kinesic events, as well as prelinguistic events which later transform into speech. This paper was initially prompted by an unexpected finding. During play sessions, mothers and their threeto four-month-old infants vocalize simultaneously to a far greater extent than we had anticipated or than had been commented on in the literature. Early vocalizations appear to have at least one beginning within the motherinfant dyad as a coaction system in which each member is performing the same or similar behavior a t the same time. This occurrence of behavioral coaction between

Abnormal nuclear states and vacuum excitation

Abstract: The structure of the vacuum is examined assuming the existence of a strongly interacting neutral spin-0 even-parity meson or resonance. Abnormal nuclear states, the sigma model, and pure vacuum excitation are considered. (JFP)