Showing papers by "Florida State University published in 1985"
TL;DR: The role of tacit knowledge (knowledge that usually is not openly expressed or taught) in intellectual competence in real-world pursuits has been examined in this article, where participants were divided into three groups, whose 187 members differed in amounts of experience and formal training in academic psychology.
Abstract: We carried out three experiments to examine the role of tacit knowledge (knowledge that usually is not openly expressed or taught) in intellectual competence in real-world pursuits. In Experiment 1, subjects were divided into three groups, whose 187 members differed in amounts of experience and formal training in academic psychology. Differences in tacit knowledge useful for managing oneself, others, and one's career were related to criterion measures of performance for both academic psychologists and psychology graduate students. In Experiment 2, the subjects were 127 individuals differing in amounts of experience and formal training in business management. Differences in tacit knowledge were related to criterion measures of performance for business managers. In Experiment 3, the results of the second experiment were cross-validated on a group of 29 bank managers for whom detailed performance evaluation information was available. Again, tacit knowledge differences were related to criterion measures of job performance. Tacit knowledge was not related to verbal intelligence as measured by a standard verbal reasoning test. We conclude that a comprehensive theory of practical intelligence in real-world pursuits will encompass general aptitudes, formal knowledge, and tacit knowledge that is used in managing oneself, others, and one's career. Consider two observations. First, with surprising frequency, individuals with histories of distinguished performance in formal schooling are only moderately successful in their occupations, and conversely, individuals who are highly successful in their occupations have unremarkable academic records. Second, many professionals report that much, if not most, of the learning that matters to their careers took place after completion of their formal training. Comparing the relations between performance on IQ tests, on the one hand, and performance in schooling and in real-world pursuits, on the other, suggests there may be more than a hint of truth in these observations. Whereas IQ test scores are moderately correlated (.4-.7) with various measures of
699 citations
TL;DR: Phospholipid, ester-linked fatty acid profiles showed changes in benthic prokaryotic community structure reflecting culture manipulations that were both quantitative and statistically significant.
Abstract: Phospholipid, ester-linked fatty acid profiles showed changes in benthic prokaryotic community structure reflecting culture manipulations that were both quantitative and statistically significant. Fatty acid structures, including the position and cis/ trans geometry of double bonds, were chemically verified by GC/MS after appropriate derivatization. The fatty acid profiles of independent flasks showed reproducible shifts when manipulated identically and significant differences when manipulated with different treatments. The absence of polyunsaturated fatty acids indicated that the consortia were predominantly prokaryotic. The prokaryotic consortia of different treatments could be differentiated by the proportions of cyclopropyl fatty acids and the proportions and geometry of monounsaturated fatty acids.
692 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a Likert-type scale was developed to measure final consumers' involvement with the purchasing activity, and the scale was employed to test hypotheses concerning relationships between market cha...
Abstract: This research develops a Likert-type scale to measure final consumers' involvement with the purchasing activity. The scale is employed to test hypotheses concerning relationships between market cha...
479 citations
TL;DR: ‘Universite Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris VI) and Groupe de Neurobiologie Appliqute, Laboratoire de Physiologie de la Nutrition, C. R. 7, 78350 Jouy en Josas (France)’
399 citations
TL;DR: DMPT plays an important role in osmoregulation by H. carterae and is observed when either salt or sucrose is used to control the osmolarity of the growth medium.
Abstract: The marine coccolithophorid phytoplankton species Hymenomonas carterae (class Prymnesiophyceae) produces both dimethylpropiothetin (DMPT) and dimethylsulfide (DMS) in axenic cultures. The rate of DMS production is closely regulated by the cell; it remains independent of environmental sulfate concentration down to levels of 2.5% of the seawater value. Below this sulfate level, DMS production decreases with decreasing sulfate concentration, but significant amounts of DMS are released even under conditions of sulfate-limited growth. Hymenomonas carterae can grow on sulfite, thiosulfate, and cysteine as sulfur sources, but not on methionine. The rate of DMS output is similar for the different sulfur sources. Both the intracellular concentration of DMPT and the rate of output of DMS by H. carterae increase with increasing salinity of the medium. This increase is observed when either salt or sucrose is used to control the osmolarity of the growth medium. Variations in DMPT levels and DMS output were observed within hours after transferring cells to a medium of different osmotic pressure. The intracellular DMPT concentration is of the order of 0.3 mole per liter and contributes significantly to the osmotic pressure in the cell. These results suggest that DMPT plays an important role in osmoregulation by H. carterae.
351 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the Gauss-Jordan method was used to derive certain relations between steady state probabilities of a Markov chain and then used to develop a numerical algorithm to find these probabilities.
Abstract: We apply regenerative theory to derive certain relations between steady state probabilities of a Markov chain. These relations are then used to develop a numerical algorithm to find these probabilities. The algorithm is a modification of the Gauss-Jordan method, in which all elements used in numerical computations are nonnegative; as a consequence, the algorithm is numerically stable.
347 citations
TL;DR: The authors examined how well parties perform their representation role and found that the clarity of party positions, represented by a centralized party structure and non-centrist ideology, strongly influences the efficiency of the party linkage process.
Abstract: Political representation in most Western democracies occurs through and by political parties. Based on parallel surveys of voters and party elites in nine West European nations, this article examines how well parties perform their representation role. The opinions of voters and party elites are compared for 40 party dyads. In some cases there is close correspondence between these opinions (e.g., economic and security issues), but in other instances the evidence of voter-party agreement is substantially weaker (e.g., foreign policy). An examination of party characteristics and contextual factors suggests that the clarity of party positions, represented by a centralized party structure and noncentrist ideology, strongly influences the efficiency of the party linkage process.
334 citations
TL;DR: The authors investigated whether improved fluency and comprehension across different stories in repeated reading depend on the degree of word overlap among passages and whether repeated reading is more effective than an equivalent amount of non-repetitive reading.
Abstract: THIS STUDY investigated whether improved fluency and comprehension across different stories in repeated reading depend on the degree of word overlap among passages and whether repeated reading is more effective than an equivalent amount of nonrepetitive reading. Nonfluent, learning disabled students read passages presented and timed by a computer under three different conditions. In Conditions 1 and 2 (repeated reading) the same passage was read four times before proceeding to a new story in the next session. Stories in Condition 2 contained three times as many overlapping words as stories in Condition 1. In Condition 3 (nonrepetitive reading), each of the four passages in a session was different. Results suggest that over short periods of time, increases in reading speed with the repeated reading method depend on the amount of shared words among stories, and that if stories have few shared words, repeated reading is not more effective for improving speed than an equivalent amount of nonrepetitive reading.
302 citations
TL;DR: The results of this study suggest that the microbial population of these two shallow aquifers is dominated by aerobic, nutritionally versatile bacteria that can subsist on low concentrations of organic compounds without forming specialized resting cells.
Abstract: The bacterial microflora of two shallow aquifers (saturated subsurface zones) in Oklahoma was characterized by direct observation with light and electron microscopy, by plating, and by examination of colony morphology and distribution. Isolated bacterial strains were also examined. Total cell counts varied only slightly (2.9 x 10 to 9.8 x 10 g [dry wt]) from sample to sample, whereas colony counts varied widely (6.3 x 10 to 6.5 x 10 CFU g [dry wt]). Colony counts on nutritionally rich media were lower than on low-nutrient media, especially in samples from the saturated zone. The variety of colony types growing on nutritionally rich media decreased with increasing depth and saturation. Colony counts of anaerobic bacteria also decreased with depth but were at least 100-fold lower than aerobic counts on most media. Cell morphologies of bacteria grown aerobically on plates included short rods, cocci, and actinomycete-like forms. Direct light microscopic observation of sediments revealed short, rod-shaped, and coccoid bacterial cells; endospores, actinomycete spores, and eucaryotic forms were not observed by light microscopy. Electron microscopic observation of bacteria released from the samples revealed that 85 to 90% of them were coccoid, gram-positive, Arthrobacter-like organisms, some of which were dividing or contained completed division septa; other types of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were present in lower numbers. Isolated bacterial strains were able to grow on both nutritionally rich and low-nutrient media. A higher proportion of gram-negative organisms was isolated than gram-positive organisms. Most of the isolates were capable of storing polyphosphate, poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate, or polysaccharide. The results of this study suggest that the microbial population of these two shallow aquifers is dominated by aerobic, nutritionally versatile bacteria that can subsist on low concentrations of organic compounds without forming specialized resting cells. Other types of microorganisms, such as facultatively anaerobic bacteria and microeucaryotes, may also be present, but they represent only a small fraction of the microflora.
296 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an observation study was conducted to determine empirically which activities successful managers actually perform, and the authors measured success by using a promotion index of level over tenure and by considering the top managers of each organization to be successful.
Abstract: Rather than evaluate managers on the basis of activities traditionally prescribed for success, an observation study was conducted to determine empirically which activities successful managers actually perform. Trained participant observers recorded the behaviors of 52 managers in three diverse organizations-a state department of revenue, a medium-sized manufacturing plant, and a campus police department-over a two-week period. In analyzing the data collected, the authors measured success by using a promotion index of level over tenure and by considering the top managers of each organization to be successful. Regression analysis found that two activities were significantly related to managerial success: interaction with outsiders and socializing/politicking. Further comparative analysis of managers ranked in the top and bottom thirds indicated that successful managers exhibited more behaviors related to conflict management, and comparisons of top-level managers with those in the middle and first levels ind...
259 citations
TL;DR: The authors examines the historical evidence on black, Mexican-American and Chinese-American women's work from the mid-nineteenth century to the present in light of contemporary Marxist-feminist and colonial labor system theories.
TL;DR: Les auteurs reconsiderent les differentes mesures de l'empathie existant, en particulier l'Echelle de Hogan et le Q.M.E., and discutent leur validite as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Les auteurs reconsiderent les differentes mesures de l'empathie existant, en particulier l'Echelle de Hogan et le Q.M.E.E., et discutent leur validite
TL;DR: A study of the computer and peripheral equipment sales in the United States is discussed using fuzzy linear regression, which is applied to forecasting in an uncertain environment.
TL;DR: The afferent projections to the lateral superior olive (LSO) were examined with horseradish peroxidase, horser Cousin‐2‐deoxyglucose methods, and tritiated leucine autoradiography and anterograde axonal degeneration methods.
Abstract: The afferent projections to the lateral superior olive (LSO) were examined with horseradish peroxidase, horseradish peroxidase-wheat germ agglutinin conjugate, 125I-wheat germ agglutinin and tritiated leucine autoradiography, anterograde axonal degeneration, and 14C-2-deoxyglucose methods.
The pathway to the ipsilateral LSO orginates in the spherical cells in anteroventral cochlear nucleus. Although some of the fibers pass above the lateral nucleus of the trapezoid body, most pass below it and turn at right angles to enter the LSO either directly through its ventral, lateral, or dorsal borders, or through its ventral or dorsal hilus. They end in unpolarized terminal fields throughout the LSO. Most if not all of these fibers are true collaterals of axons continuing across the midline in the trapezoid body.
Verifying Held's (1893) finding of a major direct projection from the cochlear nucleus to the contralateral medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MTB) and Rasmussen's ('46) finding of a major projection from the MTB to the LSO, the present results illustrate that this two-neuron pathway probably supplies all but a very small component of the relatively direct input to the LSO from the contralateral ear. This pathway originates in the globular cells of the ventral cochlear nucleus and relays mostly though not exclusively through the “principal cells” in the more rostral parts of the MTB. It terminates mostly in perisomal endings in unpolarized fields throughout the LSO, though most heavily within the (high frequency) medial and middle limbs and less heavily in the LSO's (low frequency) lateral limb.
In addition to this indirect pathway, there is a small direct pathway to the contralateral LSO as suggested by Goldberg and Brown ('69) and Warr ('72, '82). This direct pathway to the contralateral LSO, like the direct ipsilateral pathway, probably originates in the spherical cell region of the ventral cochlear nucleus, crosses the midline in the trapezoid body, and terminates in a small circumscribed area within the LSO's ventromedial (high frequency) area.
The 2-deoxyglucose method applied to cats in which the ipsilateral and contralateral pathways have been surgically isolated shows that each of the pathways converging on the LSO is topographically and tonotopically organized with the ipsilateral and the combined contralateral terminations in strict tonotopic register.
TL;DR: For instance, this paper found that people are better able to identify members of their own race than members of another race in criminal justice system and intergroup contact situations, and cognitive and motivational correlates of own-race bias are discussed.
Abstract: Failing to recognize someone or misidentifying someone can have important personal and social consequences. The perceiver may suffer feelings of embarrassment or stupidity. The target may feel insulted, stereotyped, or in extreme cases may be falsely identified as a criminal. If the perceiver and the target are of different ethnic groups, misidentification can increase intergroup hostility, stereotyping, and intergroup anxiety. Laboratory and field research demonstrates an own-race bias in recognition accuracy. People are better able to identify members of their own race than members of another race. The significance of own-race bias in the criminal justice system and intergroup contact situations is reviewed, and cognitive and motivational correlates of own-race bias are discussed. Four possible explanations for this differential recognition effect are presented. The explanation derived from intergroup contact theory—that differential recognition stems from limited experience with members of other groups—has received surprisingly weak research support thus far, Greater attention to assessing different types of contact may increase our understanding of the ways in which intergroup contact can affect intergroup perceptions.
TL;DR: The International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) project as discussed by the authors conducted a pilot study initiated in late 1981 to evaluate currently available cloud analysis algorithms, which focused on the most fundamental step of any cloud algorithm, namely cloud detection.
Abstract: Research related to the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) began with a pilot study initiated in late 1981 to evaluate currently available cloud analysis algorithms. Other objectives of this study are related to a test of the effects of data volume compression schemes and the design of the operational algorithms for ISCCP. The present paper summarizes the pilot study by focusing on the most fundamental step of any cloud algorithm, that of cloud detection. An outline is provided of the objectives and limitations of the pilot study, and a description is given of the criteria used to design the operational analysis algorithm. Attention is given to the pilot study data set, a cloud detection intercomparison, a cloud analysis, and ISCCP cloud algorithm design.
TL;DR: In this paper, an overview of the structure of a benthic community at 4626 m depth on the Nova Scotian continental rise is presented. But the authors do not consider the effect of the strong near-bottom currents that flow through the area, and the abundance of polychaetes, bivalves, isopods and tanaids is not investigated.
TL;DR: Energetic efficiency in polymorphic colonies was approximately 10% higher than in colonies composed of only small workers, suggesting that when food supplies are limiting, polymorphism may offer a slight advantage in brood production.
Abstract: Social organization is generally assumed to increase colony efficiency and survival; however, little quantitative information is available to support this assumption. Polymorphism is an important aspect of labor division in colonies of the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. Our objective was to investigate the effect of fire ant polymorphism on brood production efficiency. We set up standardized polymorphic colonies with a full range of worker sizes and artificial monomorphic colonies that contained only small, medium or large workers respectively. Polymorphic colonies produced brood at about the same rate as colonies composed of only small workers (Fig. 2A). Colonies composed of only medium workers produced about 30% less brood, and colonies composed of only large workers produced little or no brood at all. This pattern was independent of colony size; however, smaller colonies (0.75 g, live weight) produced almost twice as much brood per gram of workers as larger colonies (3.0g). Additional experiments revealed that the size of workers in the artificial monomorphic colonies affected all stages of brood rearing. Large workers not only inhibited the development of early and late instar larvae (Fig 4), but also reduced the queen's oviposition rate (Fig. 3). Brood production efficiency on an energetic basis was determined by dividing the grams of brood produced per unit time by the energetic costs expended for the maintenance and production of each worker size class. Worker maintenance costs were estimated from respiration while production costs were determined from the caloric content of worker tissue divided by their average longevity. Worker respiration per milligram body weight decreased about 40% as body size increased (Fig. 5). Large workers lived about 50% longer than small workers (Fig. 6) and contained 9% more energy per milligram of tissue (Fig. 7). Energetic efficiency in polymorphic colonies was approximately 10% higher than in colonies composed of only small workers (Fig. 9). In other words, when food supplies are limiting, polymorphism may offer a slight advantage in brood production.
TL;DR: The fuzzy relational data base (FRDB) model presented in this paper is based on research in the fields of relational data bases and theories of fuzzy sets and possibility and is designed to satisfy the need for individualization and imprecise information processing.
TL;DR: Children identified as Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) on the basis of teacher ratings using the SNAP Rating Scale were compared to non-ADD children on objective classroom measures including observations of classroom behavior, examination of the organization of children’s desks, and scoring of daily academic work.
Abstract: Children identified as Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) on the basis of teacher ratings using the SNAP Rating Scale were compared to non-ADD children on objective classroom measures including observations of classroom behavior, examination of the organization of children’s desks, and scoring of daily academic work Analyses provided some support for the ability of the objective measures to differentiate between teacher-identified ADD and non-ADD children, though there was considerable overlap on the distributions of most variables between groups Six measures chosen by a discriminant analysis combined to predict teacher ratings in 83% of the cases The inclusion of academic, observational, and desk measures in the discriminant function indicates the importance of a multivariate assessment of this construct
TL;DR: In this paper, the magnetic properties of the bottom sediments of an estuary were used to identify the source of the sediment in the lower part of cores from the middle of the estuary by eroding shorelines.
Abstract: Characterization of both the source materials and the bottom sediments of an estuary by magnetic characters, on a particle size basis, allows the source of the bottom sediments to be determined and indicates a shift in sediment sources, corresponding to changing land-use patterns. The major source of the sediments in the lower part of cores from the middle of the estuary is eroding shorelines. Soil-derived particulates, from the uplands, dominate the upper part of the cores. This change in source occurred in the early part of the 19th century. The magnetic character of the most recent sediments suggests a progressive depletion, through time, of the upland soils in the finest fractions.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of turbulence in the mixing layer of the jet is simulated by the addition of turbulent eddy-viscosity terms to the momentum equation, and a comparison of the numerical results with experimental data is given to the mean flow profile and the numerical solution.
Abstract: The present investigation is concerned with the development of an analytical model of the quasi-periodic shock-cell structure of an imperfectly expanded supersonic jet. The investigation represents a part of a program to develop a mathematical theory of broadband shock-associated noise of supersonic jets. Tam and Tanna (1982) have suggested that this type of noise is generated by the weak interaction between the quasi-periodic shock cells and the downstream-propagating large turbulence structures in the mixing layer of the jet. In the model developed in this paper, the effect of turbulence in the mixing layer of the jet is simulated by the addition of turbulent eddy-viscosity terms to the momentum equation. Attention is given to the mean-flow profile and the numerical solution, and a comparison of the numerical results with experimental data.
TL;DR: The use of flow-through attenuated total reflectance has permitted in situ real-time changes in biofilm formation to be monitored and provides a powerful tool for understanding the interactions within adherent microbial consortia.
TL;DR: Reproductive interference, acting synergistically with differences in aggressive dominance and young-of-year susceptibility to predation, appears to serve as the major mechanisms regulating replacement of O. sanborni by O. rusticus in Ohio streams.
Abstract: We investigated mechanisms governing replacement of the native crayfish Orconectes sanborni by an invading cryafish, Orconectes rusticus. The two species had similar life histories, habitat preferences, and feeding patterns in allopatric and sympatric stream areas. Orconectes rusticus young-of-year (YOY) grew faster than O. sanborni YOY in the field. Adult O. rusticus were larger and, hence, dominant over adult O. sanborni; YOY were non-aggressive. In laboratory experiments, adult crayfish (about 28 mm carapace length or larger) were not susceptable to predation by largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides, 30 cm total length) and did not alter shelter use when fish were present. Orconectes rusticus YOY were less susceptible to predation than O. sanborni YOY. Orconectes rusticus YOY reduced their vulnerability to largemouth bass by occupying shelters more often than YOY O. sanborni. In mixed-species mateselection experiments, male O. rusticus and male O. sanborni preferentially mated with O. rusticus females. Inappropriate mate selection in sympatry may have caused the 90% reduction in recruitment for both species in 1982. Orconectes rusticus probably maintains greater population growth than O. sanborni, because (1) more gravid O. rusticus females occurred in sympatry, (2) O. rusticus produced more young than O. sanborni, and (3) O. rusticus young grew faster. Reproductive interference, acting synergistically with differences in aggressive dominance and young-of-year susceptibility to predation, appears to serve as the major mechanisms regulating replacement of O. sanborni by O. rusticus in Ohio streams.
TL;DR: Results demonstrate that pronucleus formation in both systems involves a new association or exposure of lamin, that the polar body nucleus is largely restricted from the cytoplasmic pool of lamins, and that mitotic chromosomes in the rapidly proliferating sea urchin egg retain associated lamins.
Abstract: Nuclear structural changes during fertilization and embryogenesis in mice and in sea urchins have been followed by using antibodies against the nuclear lamins A/C and B and against antigens at the periphery of nuclei and chromosomes. Lamins are found on all pronuclei and nuclei during mouse fertilization, but with a diminished intensity on the second polar body nucleus. On sperm in both systems, lamins are reduced and detected only at the acrosomal and centriolar fossae. In sea urchin eggs, lamins are found on both pronuclei. Unlike in other dividing cells, the mitotic chromosomes of sea urchin eggs and embryos retain an association with lamins. The peripheral antibodies delineate each chromosome and nucleus except the mature mouse sperm nucleus. A dramatic change from the expected lamin distribution occurs during early development. In mouse morulae or blastocysts, lamins A/C are no longer recognized, although lamin B remains. In sea urchins both lamins A/C and lamin B, as detected with polyclonal antibodies, are lost after the blastula stage, although a different lamin A/C epitope emerges as recognized by a monoclonal antibody. These results demonstrate that pronucleus formation in both systems involves a new association or exposure of lamins, that the polar body nucleus is largely restricted from the cytoplasmic pool of lamins, and that mitotic chromosomes in the rapidly proliferating sea urchin egg retain associated lamins. They also suggest that changes in the expression or exposure of different lamins are a common feature of embryogenesis.
TL;DR: Although social experience served to increase the ultrasound emission of male mice to female sex cues, the production of ultrasounds by females to these cues was decreased by social experience, suggesting the existence of a behavioral/functional sexual dimorphism in adult mouse ultrasonic vocalizing.
Abstract: Though an extensive body of literature exists concerning the emission of 70-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations by adult male mice (Mus musculus), almost nothing is known about the ultrasonic vocalizing of adult females. A series of five experiments was conducted to examine adult female mouse ultrasound emission. Results indicated female ultrasonic vocalizing to be typically displayed among female mouse dyads and comparable to the ultrasonic vocalizing levels obtained among male-female pairs. Genotypically based variations in the production of ultrasounds by females were also noted. Like male mice, socially naive females readily ultrasonically vocalized to anesthetized female conspecifics and rarely vocalized to anesthetized males. Unlike males, socially experienced females emitted few ultrasounds to either female urine or female-soiled cage shavings. Although social experience served to increase the ultrasound emission of male mice to female sex cues, the production of ultrasounds by females to these cues was decreased by social experience. Implications with regard to the existence of a behavioral/functional sexual dimorphism in adult mouse ultrasonic vocalizing are discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the divergent circulations on the time scale of 30 to 50 days during the FGGE year and identified a planetary-scale divergence wave that traverses around the globe eastward throughout the year.
Abstract: A brief review of some of the recent results on the 30 to 50 day time scale is presented in this paper. We have examined the divergent circulations on the time scale of 30 to 50 days during the FGGE year. The present study is based on two different data sets. These are the FGGE IIIb analysis from the European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and the Florida State University's analysis over the monsoon region during the FGGE year. The analysis clearly identifies a planetary-scale divergence wave that traverses around the globe eastward throughout the FGGE year. Its speed of eastward propagation is around 8° longitude day−1. The amplitude of this wave is largest during the summer season over the monsoon region and the western Pacific Oceans. The amplitude decreases somewhat as the wave traverses across the eastern Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. This wave appears to modulate the monsoon activity such that active, inactive spells seem to bear a close relationship to the divergence on t...
TL;DR: This month's Topical Review provides a general framework for understanding memory problems in reading disabled children by considering some of the factors that can influence memory performance.
Abstract: For the past several years, the study of memory processes in children with reading disabilities has been a very popular area of inquiry. The goal of most recent research has been to understand why reading disabled children have problems on memory tasks, rather than simply to document the fact that they perform poorly in comparison with children who achieve normally. This month's Topical Review provides a general framework for understanding memory problems in reading disabled children by considering some of the factors that can influence memory performance. This general framework provides a useful background for understanding two important issues in current research: the relationship of memory to general intelligence, and causal relations between memory disabilities and reading failure.—JKT
TL;DR: In this article, the salinity gradient in Charlotte Harbor was measured along with dissolved nutrients (NO3, PO4, Si), germanium species, arsenic species, tin, barium, dimethylsulfide and related parameters.
Abstract: Concentrations of dissolved nutrients (NO3, PO4, Si), germanium species, arsenic species, tin, barium, dimethylsulfide and related parameters were measured along the salinity gradient in Charlotte Harbor. Phosphate enrichment from the phosphate industry on the Peace River promotes a productive diatom bloom near the river mouth where NO3 and Si are completely consumed. Inorganic germanium is completely depleted in this bloom by uptake into biogenic opal. The GeSi ratio taken up by diatoms is about 0·7 × 10−6, the same as that provided by the river flux, confirming that siliceous organisms incorporate germanium as an accidental trace replacement for silica. Monomethylgermanium and dimethylgermanium concentrations are undetectable in the Peace River, and increase linearly with increasing salinity to the seawater end of the bay, suggesting that these organogermanium species behave conservatively in estuaries, and are neither produced nor consumed during estuarine biogenic opal formation or dissolution. Inorganic arsenic displays slight removal in the bloom. Monomethylarsenic is produced both in the bloom and in mid-estuary, while dimethylarsenic is conservative in the bloom but produced in mid-estuary. The total production of methylarsenicals within the bay approximately balances the removal of inorganic arsenic, suggesting that most biological arsenic uptake in the estuary is biomethylated and released to the water column. Dimethylsulfide increases with increasing salinity in the estuary and shows evidence of removal, probably both by degassing and by microbial consumption. An input of DMS is observed in the central estuary. The behavior of total dissolvable tin shows no biological activity in the bloom or in mid-estuary, but does display a low-salinity input signal that parallels dissolved organic material, perhaps suggesting an association between tin and DOM. Barium displays dramatic input behavior at mid-salinities, probably due to slow release from clays deposited in the harbor after catastrophic phosphate slime spills into the Peace River.
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of both structure and crystallization conditions on a variety of properties characteristic of semi-crystalline polymers are discussed, and the dependence of these variables on molecular structure and crystalization conditions are examined in detail as is their influence on properties.
Abstract: The influence of both structure and crystallization conditions on a variety of properties characteristic of semi-crystalline polymers are discussed. A careful distinction needs to be made between molecular structure and the independent structural variables which describe the crystalline state. This set of independent variables includes the degree of crystallinity; the structure of the non-crystalline regions; the crystallite thickness distribution; the structure and relative amount of interface; the crystallite structure and the supermolecular structure. The dependence of these variables on molecular structure and crystallization conditions are examined in detail as is their influence on properties. By following this procedure the influence of molecular structure on properties is deduced. A variety of thermodynamic, spectral and mechanical properties are analyzed by these methods.